ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.4.CO3

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe French approach to agricultural science in the third world is characterized by several central scientific agencies, each employing large numbers of scientists for the whole of their careers. In contrast, the US draws on university scientists as mainly short-term consultants on particular projects.Despite these differences in approach, both nations are moving away from the older technical assistance models toward scientific cooperation with developing countries. There are also clearly expressed needs for institutional changes to allow for more flexibility and efficiency and more long-term support. Although they are rarely seen in that light by either the French or the Americans, both systems play roles that are often complementary.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.4.222

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe development and diffusion of technology are important intervening processes in socioeconomic development. Science is a dynamic contributor to this process. Investments in science and technology development and their application have increased substantially over several decades, with countries adopting various strategies to build their national science and technology bases. The evolutionary processes of science and technology base development within developing countries indicate that the delineation of the two into separate activities is inappropriate to modern industrialisation processes. Bridging the gap between government sector R&D and commercial applications of research is one of the approaches which can be utilised to integrate science and technology bases.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.4.235

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractIn order to improve the lot of less developed countries, such as Africa, it is important to develop a ‘science culture’. It is not sufficient to inculcate into African society the philosophical concepts about the methods, practices, values and attitudes of science. People must have a knowledge of the facts and achievements of science in order to execute their role as citizens. For its part the African Academy of Sciences has initiated a research agenda on the Development of a Science Culture in Africa.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.4.245

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractBeforeglasnost'serious Soviet analyses of science often overlapped with those of western experts in concluding that the Soviet scientific system under-performed. Scholars on both sides saw Soviet science as basically healthy but held back by the rigidities of bureaucracy. Sinceglasnost'Soviet and post-Soviet assessments have been less sanguine, seeing science as having been penetrated by the bureaucratic system to the point where the quality of scientific personnel has been seriously depleted. This suggested that science emerged from the Soviet experience with a lower potential for regeneration than had hitherto been thought. Persistent economic crisis now threatens almost all sections of post-Soviet science, strong as well as weak.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.4.251

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThis paper evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the European Commission's policy for the EC's bio-industries as presented in the Commission's communication to the European Parliament and the European Council, entitled “Promoting the competitive environment for the industrial activities based on biotechnology within the Community”. The conclusion is that the European Commission's proposed biotechnology policy is theoretically unsound and is corporatist in its intentions and therefore likely to detract from, rather than enhance, the competitiveness of modern biotechnology in Europe.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.4.261

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe currently adopted definitions of Applied Research and Experimental Development do not allow the statistical evidence on research activities to express the importance of issues relevant to studies on national systems of innovation and science policy decisions. Improved definitions are suggested which may refer to the degree of generality of research results.

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.4.281

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.4.285

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.4.286

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0302-3427    

DOI:10.1093/spp/20.4.288

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1993

数据来源: OUP