ISSN:0884-5336    

DOI:10.1177/011542659300800393

出版商:Sage Publications    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The use of intravenous dipeptides shows great promise as an avenue for the provision of amino acids that may otherwise be difficult to deliver via nutrient infusions. The physical/chemical properties and metabolism of numerous dipeptides have now been explored in experimental and human studies. It has been found that these agents have the capacity to spare nitrogen and support serum protein levels in a fashion equivalent to that of intravenous free amino acids. An additional benefit is the ability to deliver certain amino acids that are relatively unstable or poorly soluble in aqueous solutions. These various aspects of intravenous dipeptides are considered in this review.

ISSN:0884-5336    

DOI:10.1177/011542659300800395

出版商:Sage Publications    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The metabolic effects of intravenous peptides have undergone extensive investigation in recent years. Dipeptide solutions provide a mechanism for the provision of selected amino acids that may be conditionally indispensable under certain clinical conditions. In particular, amino acids such as cystine, glutamine, and tyrosine may be difficult to provide in their free form, but their availability can be increased substantially when they are supplied in the form of a dipeptide. Animal and human studies have demonstrated that parenteral dipeptides are cleared rapidly from the plasma compartment and favorably influence nitrogen equilibrium in healthy volunteers and catabolic patients. Certain dipeptides offer the potential for tailoring tissue‐specific nutrition therapy. It seems likely that parenteral peptides will offer a major change in the delivery of intravenous nutrients.

ISSN:0884-5336    

DOI:10.1177/0115426593008003106

出版商:Sage Publications    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Anorexia and involuntary weight loss are prevalent problems in oncology and AIDS patients. Cytokines are suspected but not proven causes of cachexia. Megestrol acetate has been found to increase appetite, food intake, and weight in randomized, placebo‐controlled trials in patients with advanced malignancies and in patients with AIDS. This hormone derivative probably has both central nervous system and peripheral metabolic effects. No significant effect on survival has been demonstrated in these trials. The optimal dose for appetite enhancement is unknown; we have chosen 320 mg/d as our initial dose. Megestrol acetate is usually well tolerated, and it may be helpful in the symptomatic and palliative therapy of patients with anorexia and weight loss.

ISSN:0884-5336    

DOI:10.1177/0115426593008003115

出版商:Sage Publications    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the absence of a standard definition for diarrhea, clinicians have developed their own descriptions, such as an increased frequency of stools, an increased quantity of water in the stool, an increased weight of the stool, or a change in the consistency of the stool. The clinician should first determine whether the diarrhea is osmotic or secretory. Diarrhea in patients who receive enteral nutrition is often caused by such conditions as diabetes, malabsorption syndromes, infection, gastrointestinal complications, or concomitant drug therapy instead of the enteral formula. Factors related to the enteral nutrition that may contribute to diarrhea include the composition of the formula, the manner of administration, or bacterial contamination. To ensure that the nutritional requirements of patients are met and the appropriate treatment is administered, all of the possible causes of diarrhea should be considered before discontinuing or reducing the amount of formula delivered.

ISSN:0884-5336    

DOI:10.1177/0115426593008003119

出版商:Sage Publications    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0884-5336    

DOI:10.1177/0115426593008003124

出版商:Sage Publications    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0884-5336    

DOI:10.1177/0115426593008003128

出版商:Sage Publications    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0884-5336    

DOI:10.1177/0115426593008003134

出版商:Sage Publications    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0884-5336    

DOI:10.1177/088453369300800309

出版商:Sage Publications    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0884-5336    

DOI:10.1177/088453369300800311

出版商:Sage Publications    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY