摘要:

Drug use tends to correlate more strongly with positive expectancies than with negative expectancies. The expectancy‐accessibility model provides one explanation for this disparity. This model suggests that the association between positive expectancies of a drug's effects and intentions to use the drug are larger because positive expectancies are often more accessible in memory. Previous work supports the model for positive expectancies and intentions to use smokeless tobacco. Positive expectancies correlated significantly with intentions to use smokeless tobacco only when they were primed in memory. The current study attempted to extend these findings to alcohol consumption. Positive expectancies correlated significantly with intentions to drink when they were primed in memory, as the model predicts. Nevertheless, positive expectancies also correlated significantly with intentions when negative expectancies were primed. In addition, negative expectancies were not associated with intentions to drink, regardless of priming condition. These latter results are not consistent with the model. These findings suggest that the expectancy‐accessibility model may be limi

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb02383.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two field studies assessed the preconditions and behavioral consequences of relative deprivation. A sample of single mothers receiving government assistance participated in Study 1, and a sample of working women participated in Study 2. We found general support for a 2‐factor model of the preconditions of relative deprivation, in which wanting the desired state and deserving the desired state were the best predictors of discontent. In both studies, discontent regarding the status of one's group (i.e., single mothers or working women) was specifically predictive of reports of group‐directed protest behaviors. In Study 2, discontent regarding one's own status was specifically predictive of willingness to engage in self‐improvement behaviors. Participants in both studies reported more group discontent than personal discontent. These findings provide support from naturalistic settings for the construct of relative depriv

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb02384.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article compares goal levels and task performance of groups and individuals that are assigned or self‐set goals. Groups performed an additive task that allowed for direct comparison with individuals' i]ndependent performance of the task. Consistent with predictions, groups and individuals selected goals that were less difficult than assigned goals which required only a modest increase in performance. Group members and individuals who were assigned goals attained higher levels of performance than self‐set or no goal condition subjects. The prediction that group members and individuals who self‐set their goals would have more positive affective reactions to the goal‐setting situation than participants in assigned condition was supported. The results of this study are consistent with the existing literature on groups and individuals regarding effects of goals, performance, and affective reactions. Analyses also indicate that the group goal decision process involves a compensatory strategy in which an average of group member preferences for the goal was used to reach a group goal decision. Discussion focuses on the similarities and differences between the findings of self‐set and assigned goal‐setting situations for groups and individuals, with particular reference to goal choice strategies, goal expectancies, a

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb02385.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Some judicial reforms propose that limits on damage awards in civil trials will lower the amounts awarded while still maintaining perceptions of justice. This article describes research that examines the impact of damage award limits on mock juror judgments. Existing theory suggests that limits will serve as anchors for the mock jurors' j]udgments. Predictions that damage awards would move toward the anchor introduced by a limit were supported. This research suggests that depending on the location of the anchor on the response scale, limits may not have the intended effects. Instead, limits may actually increase damage awards, and may also reduce jurors' p]erceptions of fairness of the damage award judgments.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb02386.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY