摘要:

To examine whether support for force in war is influenced by the proportionality of combatants' force and subjects' group membership with combatants, 215 American college students were exposed to a news transcript that factorially varied an Invading Country (U.S., England, U.S.S.R.), Invader's Tactics (moderate violence, high violence) and Defender's Tactics (nonviolence, moderate violence). Results supported a proportionality hypothesis whereby invader's force was deemed inappropriate and deserving of a prison term to the extent that invader's force was disproportionately violent to defender's force. Also, group membership moderated this effect such that force by the Soviet Union was rated as more inappropriate than identical force by the U.S. or England. Discussion addresses the role of procedural rules of conflict in support for intergroup conflict, and evidence in the current study that the moderating effect of group membership was more consistent with Sherif&Sherif's (1969) Realistic Conflict Theory than Tajfel&Turner's (1979) Social Identity Theory.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00505.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study used two social‐psychological theories of attitude‐behavior relationships to investigate condom use by college undergraduates. One purpose of the present research is to provide information for public health practitioners to better design theory‐based interventions to reduce the incidence of STD's by increasing the use of condoms. Another purpose is to compare the relative usefulness of two attitude‐behavior models in predicting condom use. The Fishbein and Ajzen theory of reasoned action (Ajzen, 1988; Fishbein&Ajzen. 1980) was compared with a version of Triandis' theory of attitude‐behavior relations (Triandis, 1977). Of major interest was whether variables in this version of the Triandis model increased the explanatory power of the Fishbein and Ajzen model in the prediction of condom use intention and behavior. In addition, specific outcome beliefs and normative beliefs held by subjects were used to predict condom use. One hundred and ninety college undergraduates were given a questionnaire designed to measure the components of the two models. Three months after completing the questionnaire, subjects were contacted by phone to record the subject's frequency of condom use (if the subject reported having had intercourse) during the 3‐month period between initial assessment and follow‐up. In the prediction of intention to use a condom, results indicate that one variable from the Triandis model, personal normative beliefs, increases the explanatory power offered by the expectancy value and normative belief components of the Fishbein and Ajzen model. In the prediction of reported condom use during the 3‐month follow‐up period, two variables from the Triandis model—perceived susceptibility and AIDS fear—significantly increased the predictive power of the Fishbein and Ajzen model. Based on these results, the authors propose an alternative model to explain undergraduate condom use. The implications of these findings for public health interventions to encourage the use of

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00506.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Research on the antecedents of burnout has focused largely on such job‐related stressors as role conflict, ambiguity, and overload. The present study expands the focus by also examining the role of organizational structure and processes, notably work‐unit standardization, formalization, and communication. It is hypothesized that the effect of organizational structure and processes on burnout is in fact largely mediated by job‐related stressors. Self‐report data from supervisors and managers in a public welfare setting provide strong support. More broadly, these findings suggest that the impact of “macro” variables on the individual is at least partially mediated by “micro” variables. Specific associations between aspects of structure/process and stressors and between stressors and dimensions of burnout ar

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00507.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A survey measuring attitudes toward fear of AIDS and homophobia, taken in the fall of 1985, was repeated in the fall of 1989 on the same university population. The results indicated that whereas fear of AIDS decreased, the degree of homophobia remained essentially unchanged. In addition, although respondents were much more knowledgeable about AIDS in 1989 than in 1985, there was no evidence of any change in the relatively high correlation between the fear of AIDS and homophobia.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00508.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Physicians (N= 331) reported perceived risk of HIV exposure, worry about on‐the‐job HIV exposure, and experience with patients who test seropositive for the HIV. In addition, the use of the availability heuristic was examined by responses to questions about talking and reading about AIDS, and the use of the simulation heuristic was examined by responses to questions about imagining oneself being exposed to HIV on the job. Simulation of the HIV‐exposure experience related significantly to perceived risk (p<.001), even after variance attributable to actual experience and use of the availability heuristic was taken into account. Availability of AIDS information related marginally to perceived risk after variance attributable to actual experience and use of the simulation heuristic was taken into account. Simulation related strongly with worry about on‐the‐job exposure (p<.001), and availability was not significantly related to worry after variance associated with simulation and experience with AIDS was removed. Implications of these results for physician training are

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00509.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Following a telephone survey investigating attitudes toward police and frequency of personal victimization. 177 citizens between the ages of 18 and 88 years participated without forewarning in a field study on telephone voice identification. Identification accuracy (hits) improved with longer conversation durations (an average duration of 7.8 min compared to conversation durations of 3.2 min and 4.3 min. on average), but the false alarm rate also reliably increased with longer durations in a target‐present lineup. False alarms were consistently high (overallM= .48) in the target‐absent lineup. No significant differences were found in hit scores or false alarm scores over a two to three day retention interval. No significant correlation was found between confidence scores and accuracy of performance on the target‐present lineup (r= .10). but a significant correlation (r= 36) was found on the target‐absent

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00510.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY