摘要:

Studies documenting the existence of prejudice in simulated juror ratings of guilt may not be directly generalizable to legal applications due to a failure to include jury instructions. Jury instructions specifying the conditions required to find a defendant guilty may serve to dissipate juror's overt prejudices. In order to investigate this hypothesis, participants read a transcript of a trial in which the race of the victim and the defendant were varied. In addition, half the participants were given jury instructions which specified the elements of the crime, and noted that in order to find the defendant guilty each element had to be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Participants were then asked to rate the guilt of the defendant. Results replicated earlier studies which found that participants overwhelmingly rate black defendants guiltier than white defendants, especially when the victim is white. However, these differences disappeared when participants were provided with jury instructions. The findings are discussed with regard to the theory of modern racism.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00500.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The everyday concept “parent” includes a central prototype and less typical subtypes, such as stepparent, adoptive parent, and foster parent. We studied informants' concept of “parent” by constructing typical and atypical scenarios in which people become parents: planned and unplanned pregnancy, unmarried parents, abandonment, divorce, stepparent/child, adoption, pregnancies resulting from rape, and situations involving medical technology and contract motherhood. The parental role of each of the characters in the scenarios was characterized in terms of seven attributes of parenthood. Unmarried undergraduate informants rated the claim of each of the characters to be a parent of the child. Characters whose parental contribution was more similar to the prototype case were seen as having stronger claims. The most important attributes were, in order: intention to raise the child, gestation, genetic contribution, provision of nurture, and intention to create a baby. All informants appeared to make use of three principles involved in everyday, informal explanations of how a person becomes a parent. Parental consent, the predominant principle for both men and women, was given more weight by women; maternal investment in gestation was given equal weight by both sexes, and genetic contribution was given more weight

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00501.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Quality of 14‐to 16‐year‐olds information about occupations was studied. The results show that in general, the degree of correspondence between adolescents and experts was not extremely high (70%); similarly, no major differences were associated with gender, SES, or habitat (rural vs. urban). The quality of information adolescents have at their disposal as concerns a dimension such as Income or Contacts for example depends to a greater extent on the richness of the set of social indices for the dimension than to the importance this dimension can take on in determining occupational prefe

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00502.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00503.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study examined the moderating effects of role stressors on the relationship between initial work assignment satisfaction and organizational commitment. Moderated multiple regression analyses on data collected from 76 employees of an American military Research and Development (R&D) laboratory indicated that initial work assignment satisfaction accounted for little variance in commitment among workers low in role conflict but considerable variance among workers high in role conflict. However, role ambiguity had no moderating effect on the initial work assignment satisfaction‐commitment relationshi

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00504.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY