摘要:

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of belief about transmissibility of AIDS and concern about the disease on perceived changes in premarital sexual practices. It was posited that changes in sexual practices are most likely to occur when college students have more certainty about AIDS transmission and greater concern about AIDS. Based on this proposition, dating patterns, premarital sexual permissiveness, attitudes toward homosexuality, sexual orientation, and students' objective perception of AIDS as a problem were used as predictors of concern about AIDS and certainty of sexual transmission. Using a sample of 587 students in the state universities of California and Iowa and focusing on one type of sexual practices (i.e., condom use), it was found that concern about AIDS strongly increases the likelihood of using condoms. Contrary to our prediction, certainty about sexual transmission of AIDS was found to have a marginal effect on students' likelihood of condom use. Furthermore, it was found that monogamous dating, sexual permissiveness, and the degree of perception of AIDS as a problem significantly increase the likelihood of condom use if they are mediated by personal concern about AIDS. The implications are discussed with respect to the usefulness of a theoretical approach and its findings for education on AIDS prevention among college students.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01473.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this experiment was to determine if the existence of high blood pressure or allergies would decrease the likelihood of a person obtaining a job. Forty‐eight college students rated hypothetical job applicants with allergies, high blood pressure, or no adverse physical condition for either a high‐stress manager trainee position or a low‐stress bookkeeper position. For the manager trainee position, applicants with either high blood pressure or allergies were rated significantly lower than the applicants with no adverse physical condition. For the bookkeeper position there were no significant differences between the ratings of the individuals with the different physical conditions. These results suggest that any adverse physical condition may have a negative prototype associated with it; however, a job applicant's physical condition may have different consequences depending upon the type of job for which he/she is applying. The effect of the stress level of the different jobs on the ratings was disc

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01474.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Results of several studies indicate that men attribute more sexual meaning to heterosexual interactions than do women. Based on Abbey's (1982) findings, we hypothesized that males, in comparison to females, would attribute more sexuality to opposite‐sex partners. Based on findings from several self‐monitoring dating studies, we predicted that high self‐monitors would rate their partners and themselves higher on sexuality and likability traits than would low self‐monitors. A laboratory study was conducted in which mixed‐sex pairs of participants discussed their likes and dislikes about college life. Participants then rated themselves and their opposite‐sex partners on a set of sexuality and likability trait adjectives and indicated their interest in getting to know their partner better. Results supported the gender hypotheses, whereas they only partially supported the self‐monitoring predictions. The self‐monitoring effects on self‐ratings of sexuality and partner ratings of likability are used to explain why high self‐monitors are more successful than low self‐monitors in establishing heter

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01475.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Measures of emotional state, physical well‐being, performance, and room odor were obtained from subjects given the suggestion of a pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral ambient odor (n= 30 per condition). The hedonic quality of the feigned odor altered self‐reports of pleasure, but not dominance or arousal. Subjects given the pleasant suggestion reported a more positive mood. The number of reported physical health symptoms differed as a function of the hedonic quality of the feigned odor. The category corresponding to the fewest number of physical symptoms was predominated by subjects in the pleasant condition, while subjects in the unpleasant condition predominated the category with the greatest number of symptoms. Subjects predicted higher task performance in the unpleasant condition, but no differences were found among conditions in actual performance. Room odor ratings differed in directions consistent with the hedonic quality of the feigned odor. The effects of olfactory suggestion may be relevant to the psychosomatic component of sick building syndrome and to the perception and marketing of fragra

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01476.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Research carried out to date has yielded inconsistent results regarding the manner in which the severity and certainty of threatened penalties combine to affect deterrence. While some studies presented evidence showing an interactive combination, others yielded an additive pattern. The present study tested and supported the proposition that the process whereby the two variables combine depends on the type of penalty with which a person is threatened. In the case of penalties the severity of which can be psychologically weighed in interval values, the combined effect is multiplicative or interactive. On the other hand, when the severity of a penalty can be expressed only ordinally, the combined effect is largely additive.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01477.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study investigated the costs associated with the Type B behavior pattern in an achievement task completed by 84 male and female fifth‐ and sixth‐grade students preselected for their Type A‐B scores. We hypothesized that the achievement behaviors of Type B girls, in comparison to boys and Type A girls, would be most negatively affected by failure experiences. Hypothesis‐testing strategies were assessed during a discrimination task that included eight training, four forced failure, and four success problems. Self‐ratings of performance were obtained following failure and success experiences, and preference for challenge was measured. As expected. Type B girls in comparison to all other children showed the greatest decrement in their hypothesis‐testing strategies during failure, appeared to have the most difficulty recovering from failure, were the only group to view their performance following success as poorer than other children's performance, and exhibited the least preference for challenge. These findings suggest that Type B girls are at risk in achievement

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01478.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY