摘要:

We evaluate the applicability of a decision making framework to the teenage contraceptive and sexual behavior of 1032 Philadelphia teenagers. We examine three reasons why the decision making perspective may not apply in this domain: (a) because the decision makers are teenagers, (b) because the decision concerns sexual behavior, and (c) because the costs of contraception and abstinence are immediate and certain, while the benefits are delayed and uncertain. Using multiple regression, we examine the predictors of sexual activity and contraceptive use. We find support for the decision making model in that the variables ordinarily included in decision analyses do significantly predict behavior. But respondents seem to place disproportionate weight on some considerations, such as the discomfort of using birth control, and very little on others, such as the effectiveness of birth control or their attitude toward motherhood.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00453.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This experiment compares the decisions of individuals and groups on goals for the performance expected from individuals on a problem‐solving or an error‐checking task. For both tasks, two versions were constructed to reflect low and high levels of task difficulty. Predictions from two different social comparison of abilities approaches were formulated, with the social comparison based on success approach predicting that group goals would be easier than individual goals, while social comparison based on performance predicted the opposite pattern. Consistent with the social comparison based on success predictions, group goals were observed to be significantly less difficult than individual goals for both tasks, both levels of task difficulty, and for both an initial and a second goal‐setting occasion. Of particular interest was a finding that the easier group goals reflected group member preferences for easy goals inanticipationof group decision making. It is proposed that social factors such as evaluation apprehension and social comparison may be responsible for the differences observed in group and individual goal decisions, and that social factors may have an important role in a variety of goal‐setting sit

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00454.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relationship between a group's self‐stereotype and the group's perceptions of the suitability of the applicant to enter the group was examined using hypothetical and actual applicants. Results indicated that the greater the similarity of the description of a hypothetical applicant to the group's self‐stereotype, the higher the applicant's suitability ratings. A similar relationship was found using actual applicants to these same groups. Methodological implications of using actual and experimentally generated stimulus materials in research on selection decisions are discus

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00455.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Role and market forces provide two sources of power that affect negotiated outcomes. To test their effects, 48 subjects participated in one of two negotiation markets that favored either buyers or sellers. Profit was influenced by both power sources: Buyers outperformed sellers, and negotiators in a favorable market outperformed negotiators in an unfavorable market. This effect was shown to be additive, indicating that the effects of the two sources of power were independent of one another. Whereas negotiators advantaged by market forces showed increases in profit over time, profits for negotiators disadvantaged by the market remained stable. Joint profit rose throughout both markets. However, this did not reflect increasing integrativeness in the markets; rather, the increase could be attributed to increases in high power negotiator profits. Markets became more distributive over time, and both the effectiveness and efficiency of bargaining decreased, particularly in the market favoring buyers.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00456.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study explored the efficiency and effectiveness of a single presentation format for education about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Pretraining and posttraining questionnaires assessing knowledge and risk assessment were given to police officers attending a two‐hour seminar on HIV disease. A one‐way ANOVA was used to compare posttraining scores of 42 officers who attended the seminar one year ago with the pretraining scores of 63 officers currently attending the seminar, some of whom had attended the seminar one year earlier. Significant differences were found on knowledge items (p<.05). Post hoc analysis revealed no significant decline in knowledge scores after one year, while pretraining knowledge scores for those who had attended the seminar before were significantly greater than for those who had not. No significant differences were found on risk assessment items, suggesting that beliefs about on the job risk have become part of the officers' common cult

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00457.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY