摘要:

Elderly persons (n= 91) were interviewed about self‐ perceptions of physical health and the contribution of social comparison, temporal comparison, and direct appraisal to these judgments. Consistent with previous studies, self‐assessments tended to be mainly positive (67% reported their health as “good” or “excellent”), though tempered somewhat by the individual's objective physical condition (i.e., number of chronic diseases or disabilities). Independent of objective health, respondents' ratings were more negative if they mentioned thinking about past or anticipated health. Respondents were more concerned about their health if they thought about their past or anticipated health or mentioned comparing with a specific other person. Direct feedback had no effect on health ratings. Among those who reported social comparison, ratings were more positive when worse‐off others were mentioned. Temporal comparisons may be associated with more negative ratings because the elderly's past health is likely to have been better and their future (anticipated) health can be expected to become worse. If using temporal and social comparison information is associated with more negative assessments then what accounts for the generally positive self‐assessments? We propose that the elderly compare themselves with a cognitively constructed stereotypical standard of the frail elderly rather than with a specific other. Because few elderly actually “fit” this stereotype, most elderly feel

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00462.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of subordinate‐impression management disposition, as measured by self‐monitoring and other‐deception, with the use of hard, soft, and rational upward‐influencing behavior in an organizational setting. One hundred and two bank employees confidentially completed the Self‐Monitoring Scale (SMS), Other‐Deception Questionnaire (ODQ), and Form M of the Profiles of Organizational Influence Strategies. The results provided mixed support for the hypothesis that increasing levels of self‐monitoring and other‐deception would be linked with rising levels of upward influencing. A significant self‐monitoring and other‐deception interaction was observed. As hypothesized, increasing levels of both self‐monitoring and other‐deception were associated with effectiveness in influencing the supervisor. The findings are discussed in terms of the psychological processes involved in influence strategy selection. It is also suggested that the ODQ and SMS may assess impression management motivation and skill, respectively. The implications of the

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00463.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To explore the relationship between mood and cognitive restraints to suicide, 98 undergraduates experienced the Velten mood‐induction procedure to induce an elated, depressed, or neutral (unchanged) mood. They then completed the Multiple Adjective Affect Checklist, the Coopersmith Self‐Esteem Inventory, and the Reasons for Living Inventory. Surprisingly, compared to neutral students, depressed students reported more overall reasons for living, greater feelings of responsibility to family, and more moral objections to suicide, and elated students reported more feelings of responsibility to family. Most responsive depressed students also had higher fear of suicide than others, and most responsive elated students had higher survival and coping beliefs than others. Results suggest that a mildly depressed mood caused students' increased reliance on cognitive beliefs about not committing suicide, and may indicate that mildly depressed persons might benefit from and be particularly receptive to cognitive interventions stressing beliefs about family and religious commitme

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00464.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A cross‐cultural experiment tested predictions regarding reward allocation decisions among subjects in the United States and Taiwan. The experiment included five independent variables—two between‐subject factors (American vs. Chinese; instrumental vs. unspecified vs. social‐emotional allocator orientation) and three within‐subject factors (high vs. low employee competence, social skill, and mobility). In general, Americans and Chinese distributed rewards quite similarly: In both cultures, allocators distributed greater rewards to employees who were more competent and possessed greater social skill. In both cultures, instrumental allocator orientation induced stronger tendencies to base allocations on competence; social‐emotional allocator orientation induced stronger tendencies to base allocations on social skill. In both cultures, subjects engaged in competence‐based “rational selective exploitation”—among highly competent employees, those with greater professional mobility received larger portions of the reward pool than did counterparts with constrained mobility. In both cultures, subjectsalsoevidenced an unexpected social‐skill‐based rational selective exploitation—among employees with good social skill those with greater professional mobility received larger portions of the reward pool than did counterparts with constrained mobility. However, there were a number of interactions with culture that ran contrary to our a priori predictions: We hypothesized that Americans would exhibit greater individualism by focusing on competence in allocating outcomes, and that Chinese would exhibit greater collectivism by focusing on social skill. Although Americansdidattend to employee competence more than Chinese, Americansalsoattended to employee social skill more than Chinese. These findings are discussed in terms of an expanded conceptualization of the nature of indiv

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00465.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY