摘要:

During the fall of 1985, over 500 introductory psychology students participated in a survey which employed different questionnaires to measure Fear of AIDS, Knowledge of AIDS, Homophobia, and Behavior Change. Opinions about public policy regarding AIDS and homosexuals, and background information such as sex and religious preference were also obtained. The results indicated that males who knew the most about AIDS were less fearful of the disease than were males who knew the least. No such relationship was found for females. In addition, respondents reported that they have been changing their behavior in light of the AIDS epidemic. This included some behaviors which were related to AIDS and some which were not. Finally, political and religious conservatives were generally more homophobic and fearful of AIDS than were liberals. In addition, conservatives generally preferred protection of the public as an approach to controlling the AIDS epidemic while liberals generally preferred to educate the public.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb01227.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Content analyses of crime coverage in the news media (e.g., Graber, 1980) consistently demonstrate the overrepresentation of crimes of violence. It was hypothesized that in addition to direct effects upon members of the public (e.g., leading people to overestimate the number of violent crimes) this would also have several indirect effects. Reading about crimes of high seriousness might lead the public to (a) view other offenses more seriously, (b) regard other offenders more negatively, (c) punish other offenders more severely, and (d) emphasize the importance of retribution as a sentencing goal. Two experiments were conducted, using 90 members of the general public as subjects, to test these hypotheses. In Experiment I, subjects first read a news story about a crime that was of high, medium, or low seriousness. Later they rated an unrelated offender and offense more negatively, and were more punitive in their sentences, if the earlier offense had been very serious. There was equivocal support for the hypothesis that changes in punitiveness are caused by subjects shifting to a punishment‐oriented sentencing strategy. Rather, it would appear that harsher penalties resulted from changes in perceptions of offense seriousness. These findings are discussed, as are future research direction

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb01228.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Certain behavior type patterns in couples have been associated with heightened interpersonal distress and coronary heart disease risk. However, the factors that lead to such pairings seldom have been investigated. The present study examined the associations between personal behavior type and gender‐role self‐concept related to the selection of hypothetical dating partners.Eighty‐one male and 116 female heterosexual college students completed questionnaires to assess behavior type (Jenkins Activity Survey) and gender‐role self‐concept (Personal Attributes Questionnaire, PAQ). Participants chose a preferred “dating partner” from vignettes differing in the degree of Type A‐Type B behavior displayed. Results of CATMOD and chi‐square analyses were generally consistent with the similarity theory of interpersonal attraction. Type A and B males as well as Type B females preferred hypothetical dating partners identical to their own behavior type. Type A females with high PAQ Masculinity scores selected Type A dates, whereas Type A females with low PAQ Masculinity preferred Type Bs. Implications for the selection of actual dating partners, spouses, potential interpersonal distress, and coronary heart disease r

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb01229.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Social cognition theory asserts that perceivers (raters) assign stimulus persons (ratees) to social categories. These categories help the raters encode, store, and recall information. In a longitudinal design that represented a performance appraisal situation, this study examined the effects of information about a ratee's category membership on the amount of information that raters collected about the ratee prior to rating. One hundred fourteen subjects participated in three separate experimental sessions which spanned a 3‐week time period. Among other tasks, subjects were required to rate a subordinate who was described in a manner which made it either difficult or easy to assign the subordinate to a social category. It was predicted and found that raters of ratees who were easily categoriezed spent less time observing the ratees' performance than raters of ratees who were less easily classified. Furthermore, results indicated that it was the effect of rater categorization on observation time that was critical to rating accurac

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb01230.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The motivating potential of leader behaviors was investigated in a comparative test of two models relating leader behaviors, perceived role clarity, psychological influence, perceived self‐competence, self‐determination, and intrinsic motivation. Based on the data from 422 naval personnel and their immediate supervisors, it would appear that leaders' informational and controlling behaviors influence subordinates' perceptions of role clarity and psychological influence. Self‐determination and self‐competence also influence these perceptions. Psychological influence increases intrinsic motivation but role clarity influences intrinsic motivation only indirectly through its influence on psychological in

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb01231.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examines the importance of attitudinal and demographic variables in discriminating those residents who had moved prior to the restart of the Three Mile Island nuclear reactor in 1985 from those who remained. Findings indicate that movers and stayers were discriminated by demographic factors, age, and length of residence in the vicinity. Movers and nonmovers also differed in the interrelatedness of their attitudes pertaining to environmental threat and perceived control. Among those who left, perceived threat of radiation was associated with lack of control; among those who stayed, perceived control was related to faith in experts. This difference was related to a possible defensive adaptation to environmental threat through disassociation of sense of control from worry about environmental threat by those who remained in the area.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb01232.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY