摘要:

Many psychologists and social scientists are unaware of the field of military psychology. Although marginally aware of Division 19: Military Psychology of the American Psychological Association (APA), a number of psychologists have very mistaken ideas about what military psychology includes and the uses thereof (APA Monitor, 1984). The purpose of this special issue is to present some research conducted under the rubric of military psychology. This issue of theJournal of Applied Social Psychology (JASP)may provide some preliminary answers to the frequently asked questions: What is this creature called military psychology? Who does it? What kinds of research are classified as military psychology?What Is Military Psychology?

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01152.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A description is presented of the results of the first phase of a programmatic research effort into the incidence and etiology of Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among noncivilian Vietnam and Vietnam‐Era veterans. Questionnaire data were collected from 238 Vietnam veterans and 85 Vietnam‐Era veterans stationed at a moderate‐sized U.S. Army post on the East Coast in the Spring of 1982. Results show a significantly lower incidence of PTSD than has been reported in the literature among civilian Vietnam veterans. Social support received during the first year back from Vietnam appears to contribute more to the attenuation of PTSD symptomatology than does combat experience alone. Additional results highlight the relationship between physical and psychosocial

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01153.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Risk taking behavior in civilian and military settings often results in unnecessary loss of life and equipment. The present research investigates the contribution of three cognitive styles (Type A., Cognitive Complexity, and GIAL) to risky behavior under varying task load conditions. The research is further concerned with uncovering possible relationships between these cognitive styles and physiological arousal (cardiovascular response) as interactive sources of risky actions. A variety of diverse and combined effects of styles on the propensity to take risks was obtained. These relationships were not generally reflected in arousal levels. In addition, the present findings support the conclusions of Streufert et al. (1983) who suggested that risk taking is primarily an effect of cognitive error. In the absence of an arousal based “thrill” finding, specific “educational” programs, based on a person's stylistic characteristics, may be possible to reduce the propensity for risky

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01154.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Paragraphs selected from material written by Gen. Robert E. Lee between 1839 and 1867, and by Union generals who opposed him in six major battles, were scored for integrative complexity. This characteristic is defined by the degree of differentiation and integration that the individual demonstrates in processing information, ranging from low or simple (rigid, all‐or‐none, egocentric) to high or complex (flexible, information‐oriented, integrated) on a 1–7 scale. Gen. Lee showed a high level of complexity as a stable characteristic, with changes downward in periods of particular stress. Lee was able to defeat superior enemy forces in battles where his level of complexity was substantially higher than that of the opposing commander; this was not the case when the levels were closer together or when (as with Grant) he faced an opponent whose complexity was actually higher than his own. These findings support previous research on the effects of stress, and emphasize the nature of information processing complexity as both a “trait” and a “st

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01155.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present research reviewed the literature on leadership, and noted the lack of a well‐founded theoretical conception of leadership that would provide a general, cross‐situational approach to leadership identification and develoment. Subsequently, it was suggested systems theory might be used to gain some understanding of leadership as it occurs in bureaucratic organizations. This led to the hypothesis that formal leadership activities will always be focused on the attainment of certain goals specified in the leadership role, and so will represent a form of problem‐solving activity. The literature supporting this hypothesis was reviewed. The personal characteristics of a leader which would be likely to facilitate goal attainment and problem solving across situations were outlined as well as certain problem‐specific processes. Finally, some implications of this approach to leadership identification and development were con

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01156.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A recently proposed cognitive resource theory of leadership effectiveness explicates the role of such cognitive variables as intellectual abilities, technical competence, and job‐relevant knowledge (experience) in determining group performance. This paper reviews research showing that the leaders' intellectual abilities contribute to performance only when leaders are directive, do not experience stress, have supportive groups, and work on tasks which require intellectual effor

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01157.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The concept of morale, within its military context, was explored in the present work from both its theoretical and practical aspects. Following a review of the concept's definitional and historical background, the data from a pre‐war morale survey administered in May of 1981 to a large sample of Israeli combat troops were analyzed (by means of intercorrelations and factor analysis) as an illustration of the multifaceted structure of morale. While the intercorrelations revealed several major variables related strongly to morale, the factor analysis yielded eight factors, morale being just one of them. These eight factors were: (1) confidence in senior commanders; (2) confidence in one's self, team, and weapons; (3) unit cohesion and morale; (4) familiarity with missions and frontage; (5) confidence in immediate commanders; (6) enemy evaluation; (7) legitimacy of war; (8) worries and concerns. The present analysis may suggest the existence of a higher order concept—perhaps “unit climate”— of which all of the found factors, including morale, are the comprising c

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01158.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01159.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY