摘要:

This study used a self‐regulation model of health behavior to explore the impact of risk perceptions and disease‐risk symptoms on responses to health messages. Undergraduates with beliefs of high or low vulnerability to heart disease participated in a task that either did or did not induce disease‐risk symptoms. Participants were then given a threatening or reassuring message about heart disease prevention, or no message. Participants with high‐vulnerability beliefs reported higher exercise intentions only after the reassuring message, and then only in the absence of risk symptoms. However, their exercise rates were increased by both messages and by the symptoms. Participants with preexisting beliefs of low vulnerability reported higher risk perceptions after experiencing the symptoms; only the threat message enhanced their exercis

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01821.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study prospectively addresses whether aspects of the childhood home environment (SES and parental divorce) and personality are predictive of smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity in middle adulthood. Subjects were 972 males and females who participated in the Terman Life‐Cycle Study. Results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that childhood unconscientiousness, cheerfulness, and parental divorce predicted adult smoking. Childhood unconscientiousness and sociability predicted adult alcohol consumption. Physical activity was predicted by a higher energy/activity level in childhood. Results suggest that the previously found associations between childhood characteristics and health‐related behaviors over shorter periods are not simply reflective of early experimentation with such behaviors, but may be indicative of long‐term lifestyle pat

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01822.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Laboratory research on rape has examined how the context of the offense and characteristics of the victim influence responsibility ascriptions. The present research examined the influence of the perpetrator's personality on such attributions. This study distinguished between evaluative (general likability) and descriptive (aggressiveness) components of the perpetrator's personality and assessed the effect of each on subjects' confidence of the perpetrator's guilt or innocence for an alleged acquaintance rape. Results showed that subjects were more confident in the defendant's guilt when he was described by cohorts as generally dislikable versus likable, and as aggressive versus unaggressive. Assessments of academic punishment and legal responsibility generally paralleled these findings. Females were more confident in the defendant's guilt, and this was particularly true when the defendant was described as aggressive.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01823.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although proposed as an explanation for increases in positive and decreases in negative affect, little evidence supports the notion of a stronger efficacy‐affect relationship as acute aerobic exercise intensity increases. Relationships between self‐efficacy (SE), positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA) were examined with respect to 3 randomly assigned conditions: (a) no exercise (control), (b) cycling at 55% VO2max, and (c) cycling at 70% VO2max. Twenty subjects (age = 22.6 years;MVO2max= 47.8 ml · kg−1· min−1) participated in each. Preexercise SE predicted in‐task NA and postexercise PA in the 55% condition and postexercise PA in the 70% condition (ps<.05). Although SE significantly increased from pre‐ to postexercise, in‐task affect failed to predict these increases in SE. These data suggest that in a fit college‐aged population, a stronger reciprocal relationship between preexercise SE, in‐task affect, and postexercise SE does not exist with increasing levels of exercise intensity. Contrary to self‐efficacy theory, no evidence was found for a reciprocal relationship. However, the relationship between efficacy and affect was such that when collapsed across conditions and time, subjects with higher SE scores repo

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01824.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of level of health threat and level of perceived control on social comparison preferences were examined. Participants were led to believe that they had a cholesterol level that was either in the borderline high‐risk range or in the high‐risk range. Half the participants were told cholesterol was controllable, whereas the others were told it was not. Participants then rated their interest in 4 types of social comparison information. The results indicated an overall preference for upward comparison to gather useful information. Level of threat interacted significantly with direction of comparison. Comparison preferences were not affected by the control manipulation. The implications of the findings for theories of social comparison as a coping strategy are discus

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01825.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY