摘要:

This study investigated relationships between the appraisal of life events and gender, locus of control, social support, strain, and sensation seeking. In group sessions, undergraduate males and females completed self‐report measures assessing life events appraisals and self‐report measures for the above individual differences. Analyses supported the notion that a range of these variables, previously shown to serve as moderators of life stress, are significantly related to the appraisals of life events. Moreover, in addition to the gender differences obtained for the perception of life events, gender was found to influence several associations between the individual differences and life events apprai

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00395.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Eighty‐five subjects were engaged in a two‐person discussion for 20 minutes or for 40 minutes. Half of each group was tested immediately and the remainder one week later for their estimate of the duration of the discussion. Postevent questions were phrased with either a marked modifier (“How short was our discussion?”) or an unmarked modifier (“How long was our discussion?”), or subjects were tested using a non‐leading noun‐form statement (“What was the duration of our discussion?”). Sixty‐seven percent of all subjects underestimated and 31% overestimated their respective durations. Accuracy of time estimation was unrelated to the length of the discussion or to the time of test. The adverbshorton average produced overestimations, whereas the adverblongand the noundurationon average produced underestimations. No relationship was found between accuracy of estimation and ce

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00396.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Behavioral commitment levels of group members were examined under conflict of interests between individual and collective tasks in a work‐group scenario. Commitment was conceptualized as the amount of time and effort resources that individuals chose to allocate to the group task. Seventeen groups of three allocated 100 time and effort resource units to individual and group tasks for each of four trials. The level of commitment to group work increased, partially because over‐rewarded persons increased group contributions more than underrewarded persons decreased them. However, the variance of allocations to the group task did not decrease over trials. Potential implications of the findings for organizational research and practice concerning work groups are discussed in terms of the roles of equity, comparative referent use, and information excha

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00397.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We tested some implications of Wills' (1981) downward comparison interpretation of ingroup bias in the minimal intergroup paradigm. Based on a self‐enhancement interpretation of ingroup bias, we predicted that subjects who expected to succeed on a task for dispositional reasons and subsequently failed would be most threatened by the feedback and hence, would engage in downward social comparison strategies. The results did not support the self‐enhancement interpretation, but a number of interesting findings emerged. First, downward social comparison involving favorable comparisons of the ingroup relative to the outgroup was pervasive and not mediated by self‐esteem. Second, ingroup bias was greatest when individuals' outcomes wereconsistentwith their expectations; ingroup bias was mitigated when subjects received feedback that was inconsistent with their expectations. Third, although low self‐esteem subjects rated members of the outgroup more negatively than did high self‐esteem subjects, high self‐esteem subjects engaged in more downward social comparison by enhancing the self relative to both members of the outgroup and their own ingroup. Finally, self‐enhancement strategies were affected by performance expectations, attributions, and chronic self‐esteem: People who expected to perform well because of stable, dispositional reasons and who were high in self‐esteem showed the greatest tendency to engage in self‐enhancing comparisons with others. This was true regardless of whether subjects ultimately succeeded or failed on the important task and regardless of whether the comparison others were members of the outg

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00398.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study reports the results of three field experiments which demonstrate that asking someone how they feel, having them verbally respond, and then acknowledging that response, facilitates compliance with a charitable request. The findings are discussed with respect to the influence of public commitments on behavioral consistency.Before you ask anyone for a donation, you first ask them how they're feeling. After they tell you they're feeling good, and you tell them you're glad they're feeling good, the/11 be more likely to contribute to helping someone who isn't.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00399.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Tested the effects, on juror decision making, of court‐appointed expert testimony and judge's instructions designed to sensitize jurors to eyewitness evidence. Subjects (N= 144) viewed a videotaped trial in which the primary evidence was the testimony of and identification by an eyewitness. Three levels of expert advice (court‐appointed expert, judge's instructions, no expert advice) were crossed with two levels of witnessing and identification conditions and two levels of witness confidence The court‐appointed expert produced skepticism toward the identification but did not improve juror sensitivity to the eyewitness evidence. The judge's instructions produced neither skepticism or sensitization ef

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00400.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY