摘要:

One hundred and fifty‐five third, fourth, and fifth grade children were assessed in terms of their racial and sex‐role attitudes, family's television viewing habits, and demographic background. Stepwise multiple regression analyses indicate that children's and parents' viewing of specific types of television programs predict children's racial prejudice and girls' sex prejudice. Children's IQ and mothers' educational attainment and employment status also significantly predict children's attitudes, but age, grade level, family constellation, fathers' educational attainment, and mothers' traditional/nontraditional careers do not. Implications for the role of television as a socialization agent are discus

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1980.tb00710.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Implicit cognitive representations of 20 salient political personalities (10 domestic, 10 foreign) were studied in two samples (N1= 121; N2= 129) over a 1‐year interval. The aim of the study was to elaborate multidimensional models of voting preference by (a) representing the cognitive dimensions used by subjects in perceiving politicians, (b) contrasting perceptions of domestic and foreign leaders, (c) evaluating the effects of time, and (d) assessing individual differences between subjects on political perception. Judgments were analyzed by Carroll and Chang's (1970) Individual Differences Multidimensional Scaling (INDSCAL) procedure. Results showed that three implicit dimensions,evaluation, ideology, andleadershipqualities, underlied perceptions of both domestic and foreign politicians. There were greater changes in perceptions of foreign and left‐of‐center leaders over the year than in judgments of domestic and right‐of‐center leaders; and individual differences such as attitudes, personality, and cognitive style were also significantly related to cognitive representations of politicians. Results were discussed in terms of their implications for predictive models of voting behavior, and the use of these methods in large‐scale political surveys and polls i

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1980.tb00711.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 (age restriction vs. no age restriction × sex of subject × pornography vs. nonpornography × pre‐stimuli vs. post‐stimuli test) factorial design, 40 males and 40 females received an experimental booklet containing either pornographic or nonpornographic pictures. Prior to seeing the pictures, half of the subjects of each sex were informed that the photographs came from magazines for adults only (21 years old and over), while the other half received no such information. Subjects were asked to rate the desirability of the pictures as well as their liking of and desire to read and purchase such materials prior to viewing and after viewing the pictures. The results indicated that (a) subjects who were not given age restriction information rated the yet unseen pictures more desirable than subjects who received age restriction information; (b) subjects who were given age restriction information rated the already seen pictures more desirable than subjects who received no age restriction information; (c) males rated pornographic pictures more favorably than did females; (d) subjects in the age restriction information condition expected the yet unseen pictures to be more pornographic than subjects in the no age restriction information condition; and (e) subjects, after seeing the stimuli, rated nonpornographic pictures more desirable than pornographic pictures. There was no support for the hypothesis that the effect of age restriction is an anticipatory phenomenon. The data in part supported and in part conflicted with Fromkin and Brock's (1973) proposition that imposing restrictions on the sale or purchase of pornographic materials will make these materials more attractive and desirable than they would be if there were no restriction

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1980.tb00712.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Subjects were placed into a negative, neutral, or positive affective state and then, ostensibly in a waiting period, provided with an opportunity to watch television. They were free to choose among situation comedy, game show, action drama, and not watching. Time of selective exposure was measured unobtrusively. Compared to other affect‐conditions, subjects in the condition of negative affect avoided comedy. Time of exposure in this condition was significantly below that in the condition of neutral affect. The tendency to avoid comedy was stable over the 10‐minute test period. Compared to other affect conditions, subjects in the condition of positive affect preferred action drama. Time of exposure in this condition was significantly above that in the condition of neutral affect. Subjects experiencing negative affect watched less action drama over time; in contrast, subjects experiencing positive affect watched more action drama, but less game show. A subsequent investigation showed thathostilecomedy tended to be avoided byprovokedsubjects specifically. Merely frustrated subjects were found to actually prefer such comedy. Furthermore, neither provoked nor frustrated subjects avoided nonhostile comedy. The findings were considered consistent with the proposal that persons select exposure to those materials that hold the greatest promise of providing prompt relief from negative affective experien

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1980.tb00713.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The external validity of the attraction‐leniency effect observed repeatedly in jury research was examined by adding two small elements of juridicial realism to the usual paradigm modeled after Landy and Aronson (1969). An attraction‐leniency effect was not found when judge's instructions regarding the criteria of guilt were provided, and subjects assessed probable guilt rather than appropriate sente

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1980.tb00714.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Observers rated the physical attractiveness of 74 defendants in criminal court, covering a broad range of offenses. Seventy‐three usable cases were obtained. For 67 defendants (excluding those who had drawn “flat sentences” of 99–199 years), attractiveness was predictive of both minimum and maximum sentences (p<.001)‐the more attractive the defendant, the less severe the sentence imposed. No significant relationship was found between attractiveness and conviction/acquittal, although seriousness of the crime was found to correlate negatively with attractiveness (p<.01)).Race of the defendant showed a systematic relationship to punishment, with nonwhites drawing consistently more severe sentences than whites; a multiple regression analysis using attractiveness, race, and seriousness of crime as predictors of punishment yielded results which implied that this finding was largely due to a confounding of race and seriousness of

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1980.tb00715.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous research on eyewitness identification has demonstrated high rates of error. Subjects have frequently identified innocent targets as the “criminal” they had seen earlier (false identifications) or had falsely claimed that the criminal was not in the line‐up (misses). The present study examines whether identification error rates are inflated by pressures in the typical experimental situation to “make a guess” regardless of one's confidence in the accuracy of the response. It was found that providing an explicit option for subjects to respond “don't know” significantly decreased false identifications and misses with no cost to the proportion of correct identifications. The addition of written and verbal instructions emphasizing the acceptability of the “don't know” option produced a marginally significant further decline in identification errors, again without cost to correct identifications. The discussion considered implications of the present results for experimental and actual police l

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1980.tb00716.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY