摘要:

Two experiments evaluated the effect of commitment on paper recycling. Using an ABA design, Experiment 1 asked 24 individuals in a retirement home to sign a 4‐week group commitment pledge to recycle paper. During this intervention, the subjects recycled 47% more paper than they had during baseline. They continued to recycle at this level during a 4‐week follow‐up period, when the group commitment was removed. Experiment 2 evaluated the relative effectiveness of group commitment, individual commitment, and token reinforcers on paper recycling in a college dormitory. The students in all three experimental conditions recycled from three to five times more paper than those in the control group during the 4‐week intervention. However, in the 3‐week follow‐up period, when the treatments were removed, only the individually committed subjects continued to recycle significantly more paper than t

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00411.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The American criminal justice system guarantees each citizen the right to a trial by a fair and impartial jury. Because juror biases might impede realization of this guarantee, the law provides a protection for defendants–the presumption of innocence. Three experiments were conducted to assess presumptions of innocence directly. In the first two experiments, subjects were given written descriptions of the defendant and charge; the level of judicial instructions was varied. Results failed to show a presumption of innocence and suggested that biases can be induced by the manipulation of crime congruence to defendant occupation. In addition, biases were not counteracted by specific judicial instructions, and crime congruence affected males and females differently. In a third experiment, the same biasing variable was incorporated into a simulated trial. Subjects viewed videotapes of the trial from jury boxes in a law school's model court room. With the full trial setting, crime congruence did not influence presumptions of innocence. Sex differences were noted again, with females giving higher ratings of guilt, but showing less confidence in their judgments compared to males. Given the strong bias that emerged in the first two experiments, the absence of bias with the full trial setting carries implications for psycholegal research that employs less realistic settings and less authentic materia

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00412.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Parties to conflict and to exchange interactions typically experience a considerable uncertainty as to the intentions and strategic plans of their adversaries. Such uncertainty is threatening and can therefore elicit competitive responses. Perceived control over an adversary's actions and over the course of an interaction can reduce uncertainty, lower the perceived risk of exploitation, and thus facilitate cooperative responses. This mediating role of perceived control was demonstrated in two experiments. They showed that certain patterns of change in one party's strategy enhanced the other party's perception of control and, concurrently, increased the frequency of its cooperative responses. A third experiment showed that variations in perceived control affect the tendency to cooperate, even if such variations are not directly related to or induced by the adversary's strategy.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00413.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Based on three waves of data from 1261 adolescents, this study examines the nature of resistance self‐efficacy vis‐a‐vis different drugs and social situations, as well as its relationship to perceived pressure to use drugs. We found that both self‐efficacy and perceived pressure to use drugs appear to be generalizable across substances (alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana), but adolescents do tend to distinguish between their capacity to resist drugs in different social situations. Adolescents also discriminate between how much pressure they feel and their ability to resist that pressure, but the great majority report lower levels of self‐efficacy in higher pressure situations. This relationship is strongest for alcohol and weakest for marijuana. These results suggest the following implications for prevention programs: (a) adolescents can be taught to resist one or more of the commonly used drugs with a reasonable expectation that the skills will generalize to other drugs; (b) resistance self‐efficacy learned in one situation can be expected to have some generalizability to other situations, but it may be important to link resistance training with a range of situations to insure the greatest effectiveness; (c) to be maximally effective, prevention programs may need to help adolescents reduce the amount of pressure experienced as well as develop resistance skills; such efforts are likely to be particularly important for situations involv

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00414.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effectiveness of a well‐known prejudice‐reduction simulation, “Blue Eyes‐Brown Eyes,” was assessed as a tool for changing the attitudes of nonblack teacher education students toward blacks. The three outcomes were (a) virtually all of the subjects reported that the experience was meaningful for them; (b) the statistical evidence supporting the effectiveness of the activity for prejudice reduction was moderate; and (c) virtually all of the participants, as well as the simulation facilitator, reported stress from the s

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00415.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY