摘要:

Testing self‐discrepancy theories of body image, this investigation examined self‐perceived and idealized physical attributes among 66 men and 69 women, who were white, heterosexual college students. Physical attributes included body size, weight, height, muscularity, hair color and length, eye color, and female breast size. Physical ideals included personal ideals, assumptions about the other sex's ideals for one's own sex, and actual other‐sex ideals. Both sexes expressed significant self‐ideal discrepancies on most attributes, whether ideals were assessed from personal or perceived other‐sex standpoints. The sexes' discrepancies were often comparable in magnitude if the direction of discrepancy was ignored. Both sexes frequently exaggerated their assumptions of what the other sex idealized in the subjects' own sex. Particular self‐ideal discrepancies predicted subjects' global body image. The applied and empirical implications of these findings were considered for both social and clinic

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00588.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Identity theory suggests that we experience distress when our role‐relevant goals are blocked and that this distress is stronger when we are highly committed to the role. Past research, however, clearly demonstrates that commitment is inversely related to the experience of stress. The current study examined whether commitment also moderates the relationship between work stressors and burnout. Over 500 hospital nurses provided information about the frequency of nursing stressors, their career commitment, and burnout. Although nurses who reported greater commitment tended to experience less burnout overall, moderated regression analyses showed that the link between work stressors and burnout was significantly stronger for the more committed nurses. Explanations for these apparently incongruent findings are offered, along with their implications for hospital nursin

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00589.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined the effects of three variables on perceptions of symptoms associated with chronic low back pain: (a) the presence or absence of supporting medical evidence, (b) the valence (positive/negative) of the relationship of an observer to the person in pain, (c) the degree of control (present/absent) of the person in pain over the circumstances of pain onset. The independent variables were manipulated in a (2 × 2 × 2) within‐subjects design. Forty‐eight undergraduate subjects were asked to estimate levels of pain intensity, emotional distress, and disability for the person in pain described in each of eight vignettes. Significant main effects, a two‐way interaction, and a three‐way interaction emerged, indicating that these contextual variables exerted substantial and complex effects on observer perceptions. The implications of these findings are discussed for matters such as pain assessment and disability dete

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00590.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The authors examined the role of “perceived loomingness” in fear of HIV. Perceived loomingness refers to perceptions of rapid forward movement and instantaneous changes in the distance and danger of a potential threat (Riskind, 1992). One hundred and twenty undergraduates rated vignettes of two public encounters with an HIV‐positive stranger. High‐HIV fear subjects perceived greater loomingness and danger in these vignettes than did low‐HIV fear subjects. Regression analyses that tested for a mediated model confirmed that the perceptions of loomingness may spark threat cognitions (such as the probability and imminence of harm), which, in turn, lead to fear. As predicted by the harm‐looming model, loomingness also had some effects on fear that were not mediated by such standard threat

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00591.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Integrative complexity is a measure of information processing that is scored either from archival documents or from written material generated for experimental purposes. Low complexity is associated with a lack of attention to diverse dimensions of, or perspectives on, a topic. Moderate complexity is characterized by the differentiation of such dimensions or perspectives. Finally, high complexity is shown by conceptual integration of the differentiated components. A large number of situational variables have been identified as affecting the level of complexity at which decision makers operate; however, emotional factors have been studied only indirectly (e.g., inferred from the individual's being in an apparently stressful situation). The current study presented university students with fictional scenarios describing interpersonal conflict that were designed to vary the psychological distance between the writer and the people involved in the problem. The complexity level of essays in which the students analyzed and described solutions for the conflict was positively related to both increasing psychological distance and to self‐rated emotional involvement, regardless of distance. The distance results may have been due to an unconsidered variable, social perspective. Complexity was significantly and positively correlated with the self‐rated effort expended in writing the essay. The findings partially confirm the cognitive manager model of complexity: The complexity of decision strategies is affected by the balance between the importance of the problem and the resources (cognitive and other) that must be invested to operate at different levels of complexity. The data have implications for understanding the impact of emotional involvement on cognitive complex

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00592.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of gender of the subject and the target of aggression were studied by examining responses of 414 undergraduates to four anger‐inducing scenarios. As predicted, in the three scenarios not involving dating, males tended to be more aggressive and to expect more approval of aggression from their friends than did females; more aggression was directed against a male, and friends approved more of aggression against a male than a female target. Also as predicted, in the scenario involving a romantic partner, females were more aggressive than males and expected more approval for aggression from friends; males were more likely than females to feel guilty, apologize, and speak politely to their dates. The results suggest that the relationship between gender and aggression is influenced by situational context, friends' anticipated reactions, feelings of guilt, and expectancies of successful outcome

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00593.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY