摘要:

New York State raised its minimum drinking age from 19 to 21 years on December 1, 1985. To examine the effects of this change, data were collected from three college samples: 9.5 months before the law changed, 2.5 months postchange, and 14.5 months postchange. In each sample, students in three age groups were surveyed about their weekly consumption and the location of their drinking: illegal group (age ≤ 18 years), target group (19‐20 year olds), and legals (age ≥ 21 years). It was hypothesized that postchange samples in the illegal and target groups would exhibit greater abstention rates, reduced drinks/week and drinking days/week, and a shift in drinking locations. It was found that target subjects exhibited decreased drinking days/week but there were no changes in abstention rates or drinks/week. Consistent with prediction, illegal and target samples evidenced a postchange shift in the drinking venue from licensed to unlicensed locations. Also, illegal subjects reported doing more drinking in automobiles after the law change than before. The findings suggest that the law change had a minimal impact on the quantity of alcohol consumed by underaged student drinkers but a dramatic effect on where they consume al

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb00343.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined how elderly residents' adaptation is affected by naturally occurring levels of choice and control in sheltered care facilities. A representative sample of 244 residential care facilities was assessed with the Multiphasic Environmental Assessment Procedure, which measures the quality of residential settings for older people. Overall, facility policies allowing more choice and control were associated with better rated resident well‐being, less use of health, daily living assistance, and social‐recreational services, and more integration in the community. Policy clarity and the facility social climate factors of independence, influence, and organization mediated the relationship between choice and control and adaptation, and also independently affected residents' adaptation. In addition, in facilities with functionally able residents, more choice and independence were associated with less use of services; in facilities with residents of poor functional ability, choice and independence were unrelated to use of services. Thus, policies that promote more choice and independence may improve adaptation among functionally able residents of sheltered care facilities, without having a detrimental influence on poorly functioning reside

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb00344.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous research has indicated that adolescents who intend to smoke differ from those who do not intend to smoke in the imagery they associate with smoking. The present study examined relationships among self‐image, ideal self‐image, image of smokers in general and image of models in cigarette ads for seventh‐grade students. The strongest finding was a positive correspondence of smokers image to self‐image in predicting intention to smoke cigarettes. This correspondence between smokers image and self‐image derived from a relative depression of self‐image in combination with a relative elevation of smokers image for youth who were more likely to report intentions to smoke. There was also a trend for the ideal self‐image of youth with greater intentions to smoke to be similarly depressed. It is suggested that when both self‐concept and aspirations for self‐improvement are diminished, smoking may seem particularly desirable as a means of e

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb00345.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined the types of social comparisons made by individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the role these comparisons play in illness adjustment. Seventy‐five women with RA were interviewed. The interview included measures of social comparison preferences assessed within two different contexts: the establishment of standards for desired performance and the experience of performance difficulties. Perceived ability, satisfaction with ability, and psychological adjustment also were assessed. We found that when respondents were experiencing performance difficulties they compared more frequently with other RA patients than with individuals not affected by RA. However, when establishing standards for desired performance, the latter type of comparison was more common. Further, respondents' comparison preferences were not related to perceptions of ability, but were related to satisfaction with ability. Greater satisfaction was associated with comparison with individualsnot affectedby RA when establishing standards for desired performance and comparison with other RA patients when experiencing performance difficulties. Satisfaction, in turn, was positively related to psychological adjustmen

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb00346.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To examine sex bias in occupational prestige, 250 male and 250 female undergraduate and graduate students in Bombay were asked to rate the respectability of 16 occupations, each with male and female occupants (e.g., a male scientist, a female scientists, etc.). Thus, the study had a 2 (subject's sex) × 2 (occupant's gender) × 16 (occupations) mixed design, with occupant's gender and occupations as within‐subjects factors. All of the main and interaction ANOVA effects were significant. The findings clearly supported the primary hypothesis that both male and female subjects would show a sex bias in favor of the male occupant in cases of high prestige occupati

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb00347.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examines the attitudes of residents of a small town in Dorset, England, toward nuclear and oil developments. The sample consisted of 135 respondents to a follow‐up questionnaire sent in June 1986 to a group of 356 residents who had responded to a previous questionnaire immediately before the Chernobyl accident in April 1986. There were shifts in the direction of greater opposition to the existing local nuclear plant, and the building of more nuclear power stations elsewhere in the country; comparable shifts were not found in attitudes toward non‐nuclear industrial developments. Post‐Chernobyl attitudes were closely related to evaluations of statements offering alternative interpretations of the accident, in a manner predictable from research on social jud

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb00348.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY