摘要:

Eighty university students, half men and half women, were distributed evenly among 4 conditions in a one‐way design. Three of the groups heard a seven‐minute‐long musical selection, either soothing, stimulating, or aversive in nature, while the remaining subjects were not exposed to any music and sat still. Ratings indicated that the soothing and stimulating music created some‐ what different positive moods while the aversive music tended to arouse negative feelings. Those who heard the soothing music were most apt to be helpful immediately afterwards, significantly more so than the aversive music or no music subjects, perhaps because of the ideas evoked by this se

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02706.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study examined the relationship between the Type A coronaryprone behavior pattern and the magnitude of cardiovascular response induced by varying levels of environmental challenge. In a 2 × 2 experimental design, Type A and B (noncoronary‐prone) subjects (n= 80) were randomly assigned to either high or low challenge instructional conditions for both the cold pressor (CP) and a choice reaction time task (RT). Overall, across both tasks, Type A subjects responded with greater systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) elevation than Type B subjects. While these differences between the Types tended to be larger in the high challenge condition, some differences were also observed under low challenge. Component analyses of the Pattern revealed that high hostile/competitive Type A's responded tobothlow and high challenge instructions in the CP and RT tasks with physiologic elevations comparable to that displayed by globally defined Type A's receiving high challenge instructions. The present findings tentatively suggest that (a) high hostile/competitive Type A's respond to even mild challenge with enhanced physiologic response; (b) globally defined A's tend to evidence the physiologic elevations when specifically challenged; and (c) Type B's show much smaller physiologic reactions to such challenges. Consistent with previous research, comparison of Type A assessment techniques revealed that the Rosenman diagnostic interview was a better predictor of physiologic response than other questionnaire methods. Two hypotheses are advanced and future research recommended regarding possible relationships between environment, behavior, physiology, and disea

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02707.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A laboratory study examined the effects of task design and reward contingency upon task performance and satisfaction and upon behavioral and attributional measures of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation were defined by the task content‐task consequence distinction. Both the task design and reward contingency factors were found to yield significant multivariateFratios, but their interaction was not significant. Subjects in the contingent pay condition had higher performance quantity than those in the noncontingent condition. Subjects in the enriched task condition produced higher quality units than those in the nonenriched condition. Both contingent pay and enriched task conditons yielded higher task satisfaction and increased attributions of performance to intrinsic factors. Results were discussed in terms of cognitive evaluation theory and the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivatio

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02708.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A study was performed to compare direct face‐to‐face and television‐mediated interviews with regard to a hypothesized compensatory relationship between intimacy level of conversation topic and individuals' looking and smiling behaviors. Thirty‐two male subjects were randomly assigned to one of two communication settings and asked a series of questions that varied according to topic intimacy. Subjects' looking, smiling, talking, and listening times were scored from videotapes made of the interviews. In support of predictions derived from Argyle and Dean's (1965) affiliative‐conflict theory, it was observed that a shift in topic intimacy from low to high resulted in a decrease in the percent of time subjects spent looking at the interviewer. Further, the results of the present study replicated those reported by other investigators, indicating that a shift in topic intimacy (1) primarily affects subjects' looking while talking and not looking while listening and (2) does not affect subjects' smiling behavior. With the exception that more looking while listening occurred in the television‐mediated interviews than in the direct face‐to‐face interviews, no differences were found in subjects' behaviors between the two communication conditions. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed from the perspective of affiliative‐conflict theory and its application to social interactions conducted via t

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02709.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study attempts to generalize the findings of laboratory studies of modeling and instructions by comparing their effects for modifying verbal behavior of actual clients referred to a family service agency. The findings suggest that in a population with less homogeneous verbal skills than found in a typical college population, verbal fluency will influence response to these interventions. Specifically, when a rule is supplemented by either verbal examples (instructions) or behavioral examples (modeling), both interventions have utility. However, for highly verbal clients, verbal examples are appropriate. For less verbal clients, more elaborate audiotape or videotape examples represent the more useful strategy.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02710.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A pair of experiments were conducted using a simulated courtroom trial of a criminal case. In Experiment I subject‐jurors were asked by defense counsel either to imagine themselves as the defendant (empathy‐inducing appeal) or to pay close attention to evidence (nonempathy appeal). Later the judge delivered only general instructions or, in addition, charged jurors to give consideration only to the facts presented. When there was no Fact‐focused judge's charge, juror‐subjects who heard the empathy‐inducing appeal rated the defendant's actions as more lawful and attributed less of the cause for the incident to his personality than did their counterparts in the nonempathy condition. Experiment II included individual differences in the tendency to empathize as an additional mediating variable. The original pattern of effects found for the manipulated variables in Experiment I appeared again, but were overshadowed by the stronger effects of the individual difference variable and of subject sex. Subject‐jurors who scored high on the empathy individual difference measure rated the defendant less guilty, assigned less cause to him, and showed corresponding mood shifts when they heard the empathy‐inducing appeal. In addition, male subjects empathized more strongly with the male defendant and viewed him m

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02711.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The self‐perception explanation of the foot‐in‐the‐door technique suggests that a person who complies with a small request infers that he or she is the kind of generous individual who is more likely to comply with a larger demand. It was hypothesized that individuals who are promised a monetary reward for their compliance with a small request are not more likely to comply with a larger demand because they cannot perceive themselves as generous persons. To test this hypothesis, subjects were presented with a small request (a 5‐minute telephone interview) followed, 2 or 3 days later, by a larger demand (a 25‐minute telephone interview). Some of the subjects were promised a monetary reward for their compliance with a small request (pay condition) while others were not promised a reward (no‐pay condition). Results showed that rate of compliance in the no‐pay conditon (64.3%) was significantly higher than rate of compliance in either a no‐initial‐request control condition (45.0%) or the pay condition (33.3%). The difference in rate of compliance between the control condition and the pay condition

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02712.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY