摘要:

The present experiment examined the impact of victim characteristics on the judgment of behavior as being sexist or racist. Freshmen from the University of Amsterdam read eight scenarios describing instances of everyday discrimination. The race, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES) of the victims in the scenarios were varied systematically. Each scenario was followed by three consecutive questionnaires designed to assess the degree to which research participants perceived the behavior of the agent as racist, sexist, or otherwise. The asymmetry hypothesis for blacks of high and low SES was confirmed Blacks of low SES were more often considered to be victims of racism than blacks of high SES. However, contrary to the asymmetry hypothesis, we found that women of high rather than low SES were more likely to be considered victims of sexism. This finding is inconsistent with other results, and demonstrates that it is not always the less empowered group that is judged as being the most discriminated against. Further, this study demonstrates the relevancy of victim's SES in discrimination research. Finally, the importance of disentangling sexist and racist elements of discrimination is stressed, especially in research involving black women.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00600.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study examined the issue of scale correspondence (Courneya&McAuley, 1993), using the repeated behavior of regular physical activity. Scale correspondence refers to the consistency of the scales between intention and behavior assessments when examining repeated behaviors. Eighty‐five undergraduate students completed five different self‐report scales that have been used for intention and repeated behaviors. The time period between intention assessment and reported behavior was one month. The results indicated that violating scale correspondence, particularly the continuous/dichotomous distinction, resulted in attenuated correlations. Moreover, not all forms of scale correspondence were equally satisfactory, with the continuous‐open form being the most effective. Discussion focused on: (a) implications for the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior, (b) the conceptual basis of the intention construct, (c) the prevalence of single‐item assessments of intention, and (d) the possible contribution of shared method variance to the improved corre

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00601.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rosen and Mericle (1979) claimed to have demonstrated that the simple strength of an organization's affirmative‐action policy statement can cause decision makers to engage in behaviors that subvert the goals of the policy. We questioned the conceptual and empirical validity of their claim, pointing out the absence of any attention to issues of decision makers' understanding and evaluations of the procedures of affirmative action. Based on a procedural‐justice approach, we replicated and extended the Rosen and Mericle study by including measures of respondents' preexisting conceptions and evaluations of the procedural features of affirmative action. That replication showed that decision makers' understanding and evaluations of procedures, as represented by a set of procedural‐justice variables, provide a more complete description of the influence of affirmative action on the behavior of decision m

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00602.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two studies are reported that examine the relationships among religiousness, religious orientation, and prejudice toward gays and lesbians. Study 1 reports the results of a survey done for the purposes of scientific jury selection. These results suggest that Baptists, fundamentalists, and “Christians” display more antigay prejudice than do Catholics, Jews, and many Protestant denominations, but even many supporters of gay‐tolerant religions show more antigay prejudice than those claiming no religious preference. Among those with a religious preference, frequency of worship is significantly related to antigay prejudice among those belonging to antigay denominations, but not among those belonging to more gay tolerant religious faiths.Study 2 reports the results of a study of college students regarding religiousness, religious orientation, and prejudice toward gays and lesbians. Results showed that self reported religiousness, frequency of worship, and Batson's internal and external scales were all positively correlated with measures of prejudice toward gays and lesbians, whereas scores on the Quest (Interactional) scale were negatively correlated. Results of both studies strongly challenge the view that those with an intrinsic religious orientation are unprejudiced. It is argued that a social influence process can account for the role played by religious practice and beliefs in creating and maintaining negative attitudes toward gays and les

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00603.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We examined the achievement goals of parents' in relation to their interpretation of their child's sporting behavior, preference for certain types of performance feedback about their child, the types of tasks they prefer their child to engage in, and their beliefs about the cause of their child's performance. The sample consisted of 96 parents whose children were in the first year (mean age 11.3) at a large comprehensive school in a major city in the United Kingdom. Parents' dispositional achievement goal orientations were differentiated by their responses to the Perception of Success Questionnaire (Roberts&Balague, 1989, 1991). Whereas differences in task orientation appear to be critical in the education setting (Ames&Archer, 1988), the findings of this study suggest that individual differences in ego orientation may be more significant in the competitive sport context.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00604.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relationship between alcohol expectancies and work‐related drinking was investigated in a survey of 984 employees from a large unionized manufacturing plant. Respondents were asked about their drinking at work, just prior to work, and in other contexts. Alcohol expectancies were measured by asking how likely or unlikely it was that work‐related drinking would lead to 13 personal consequences. The items for this scale were derived from ethnographic interviews and observations in the plant and from a review of the workplace literature. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the expectancy items formed two scales representing positive and negative consequences. These scales predicted work‐related drinking in a simultaneous equations path analysis, even when general drinking practices and background variables were controlled. The analysis also indicated that workers who were younger, Caucasian, hourly, on evening or night shifts, and frequent or heavy drinkers outside of work may be at risk for work‐related drinking because of their alcohol expec

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00605.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY