摘要:

Many college students engage in high levels of unsafe sexual behavior that puts them at risk for HIV infection. To better understand the dynamics underlying college students' unsafe behavior, focus group discussions were conducted with 308 students (146 men and 162 women). The results showed that, instead of consistently using condoms, many college students use implicit personality theories to judge the riskiness of potential sexual partners. Specifically, partners whom college students know and like are not perceived to be risky, even if what students know about these individuals is irrelevant to HIV status. The students determine the riskiness of partners they do not know well based on superficial characteristics that are also generally unrelated to HIV status. Therefore, AIDS prevention interventions for college students must expose the ineffectiveness of the students' use of implicit personality theories to determine potential partners' riskiness, and the “know your partner” safer sex guideline should be abando

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00934.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three experiments were conducted to examine the operation of the representativeness and anchoring and adjustment heuristics in lottery play. Subjects in Experiments 1 and 2 indicated their chances of winning a lottery with an objective probability of 1 in 10. Consistent with the anchoring and adjustment heuristic, subjects (in both experiments) perceived their chances of winning to be greater when the lottery was based on a single event than when it was based on a disjunctive event. Subjects in these two experiments also selected numbers to play in a pick‐3 (Experiment 1) or pick‐4 (Experiment 2) lottery. Consistent with the representativeness heuristic, subjects in Experiment 2 demonstrated a preference for numbers without repeating digits. This also occurred in Experiment 3 wherein the numbers actually played in the Indiana daily Pick‐3 lottery were exa

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00935.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The study reported in this paper describes an attributional intervention designed to change maladaptive beliefs for failure from uncontrollable causes to a lack of strategy attribution. Rather than an academic setting, the context for this research was the heath field and subjects were 52 physical therapists experiencing role strain (failure) in their professional interactions with physicians. Half of these health professionals were randomly assigned to a 3‐week intervention where they were trained to attribute their failures to poor choice of strategy, rather than to uncontrollable factors such as low ability or physician bias. Relative to a control group, subjects who participated in the attribution retraining program were more likely to endorse strategy attributions and expected greater success in their interactions with physicians at the conclusion of the intervention. At a 6‐month follow‐up, trained subjects also received more actual job promotions. These findings have implications for attribution retraining to strategy in a variety of do

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00936.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This experiment examined the role that ambiguity and uncertainty play in the use of base rate and individuating information in probability judgments. Subjects responded to a number of inference problems that varied in terms of base rates and the accuracy of the source of the individuating information. The ambiguity in the decision situation was also manipulated by varying the human or technological nature of the source of the individuating information and the causal relevance of the base rate information. The results provide substantial support for the predictions derived from the ambiguity conceptualization. Several interactions were uncovered involving attributes of the base rate and individuating information suggesting complex judgmental processes similar to anchoring and adjustment. Discussion focused on the role that human versus technological sources of information may play in judgment and decision making, and the utility of the ambiguity notion for understanding the use of base rate and individuating information in probabilistic inference problems.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00937.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY