摘要:

Rokeach, Miller, and Snyder (1971) have reported evidence for a “value gap” between samples of police and citizens in the midwest. The objectives of the present study were: (1) to examine the generality of this finding for another section of the country, the southeast; (2) to extend the analysis from the comparisons of individual values to the comparison of configurations of values between police and citizens; and (3) to compare the police sample from the Rokeach et al. study with the police sample from this study. The Rokeach Value Survey was administered to 104 South Carolina police officers and to 316 citizens sampled in a variety of South Carolina community settings. Group comparisons were made on the rank ordered individual values using the median test. In addition, group median rank orders were compared using the Spearman correlation. The results for the individual values generally supported the findings of Rokeach et al. (1971). For the value configurations, the police‐community correlations were uniformly high, indicating general agreement on the relative order of most values. Results of the cross‐sectional comparison of police samples revealed a very high degree of correspondance for both individual values and configu

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1977.tb00745.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of inadmissible evidence on the judgments of mock jurors were examined in a 2 × 3 design. Subjects (N= 168) read a trial transcript in which critical testimony was introduced either by the prosecution or by the defense and subsequently ruled admissible, ruled inadmissible, or ruled inadmissible with an admonishment by the judge to disregard that testimony. A Control condition in which the critical testimony was omitted was also run. Results indicated that judgments of the defendant's guilt were strongly influenced by the critical testimony when it was ruled admissible. When it was simply ruled inadmissible, the critical testimony had little effect on the guilt judgments. However, when the judge specifically admonished the jurors to disregard the inadmissible testimony, their verdicts were influenced in the direction of that testimony. Further, subjects in the Inadmissible With Admonishment conditions indicated a significantly greater desire to be allowed to consider the inadmissible testimony than did subjects in the Inadmissible Without Admonishment conditions. The results were interpreted in terms of psychological reactance (Brehm, 1966)

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1977.tb00746.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An audiovisual slide‐show presentation of a murder trial was used to examine the effects of group deliberations on juror's responses. Sex of defense attorney and race of defendant were systematically varied in the mock trial. Verdicts were assessed immediately following the trial presentation (before group deliberations) and immediately following group deliberations. Neither sex nor race significantly affected distributions of individual juror's predeliberation verdicts. Following group deliberations, however, an effect of attorney's sex emerged in both jury (group) verdicts and in individual, postdeliberation verdicts. Jurors in the male defense attorney conditions were more likely to votenot guiltyfollowing deliberations than were jurors in the female defense attorney conditions. This effect is discussed in terms of group shif

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1977.tb00747.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

One hundred twenty‐one King County (Washington) jurors viewed one of four videotaped versions of medical testimony relevant to the determination of a claim for damages against an employer in an industrial accident case. Two versions presented the claimant's physician (direct testimony), and two presented an attorney reading the physician's testimony verbatim (mediated testimony). Two professional actors (one female, one male) portrayed the physician in one version and the attorney in the other. Videotape presentations were introduced by written material and followed by a questionnaire in which Ss answered a number of legal, attitudinal, and factual questions. Responses to direct testimony differed from those to mediated testimony on several dimensions: number of items listed as significant to the determination of a cash award, estimates of sufficiency of material presented to determine an award, estimates of physician's competence, estimates of confidence in ratings of physician's competence, and number of correct items in a factual retention test. Significant correlations were found between scores on some of these dimensions and number of dollars awarded as compensation. Differences between the actors produced no significant effects, nor were there any significant interactions. It is concluded that,ceteris paribus, direct testimony is to be preferred to mediated testimon

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1977.tb00748.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A questionnaire was developed and administered to 137 Navy aviators, who were repatriated prisoners of war (RPWs) from North Vietnam, to investigate the usefulness of specific “time‐killing” activities or adaptational strategies for coping with extensive periods of solitary confimement during captivity. Factor analysis of the usefulness scores resulted in the derivation of four factors accounting for 32% of the variance: (1) Captor‐Captive Relationship, (2) Reliving the Past, (3) Repetitive Behavior, and (4) Self‐development Activities. Factor 1 coping activities were rated as most useful, and Factor 3 as least useful. Factor 2 activities were used by most RPWs during the first few weeks in solitary, while Factor 4 activities were not used until later. In addition, the usefulness of all four factors increased significantly over time. The results were discussed in terms of the personality characteristics of aviators, and theoretical formulations emphasizing the individual's need for optimal st

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1977.tb00749.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recent findings from research on judgment and attribution processes indicate that people regard base rate data, i.e., statistical summaries of populations, as if they were uninformative. It is suggested that base rate information lacks impact because of its abstract, pallid nature. In a demonstration of the inefficacy of abstract information, undergraduates were given mean course evaluations based on ratings of students who previously took the courses. This information had little impact on course choices. In contrast, brief, face‐to‐face comments about the courses had a substantial impact on course choices. The results suggest that information is utilized in proportion to its vividn

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1977.tb00750.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A field experiment using the “Lost Letter Technique” tested the hypothesis that altruism would be higher in small towns than in cities,unlessthe person needing help was a social deviant. The hypothesis was derived from Milgram's (1970) overload theory, in which city dwellers are expected to become generally indifferent to, and make fewer differentiations between, unimportant others. A total of 216 letters to one of three addressees (control, somewhat deviant, highly deviant) were “lost”, one‐half in Tulsa, Oklahoma (population: 347,600) and one‐half among 51 small, Oklahoma towns (× population: 2,002). Return rates supported the hypothesis. The data also suggest that a greater intolerance in small towns for social deviance might systematically overwhelm their generally higher levels of social responsibility. Implications are drawn regarding the danger of overgeneralizing negative attributions to u

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1977.tb00751.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY