摘要:

Two studies were conducted in which college students, acting as simulated jurors, heard the testimony of a defendant in an assault case. The testimony was presented in English or in another language (Spanish in Study 1 and Thai in Study 2) which was translated into English by an interpreter. In Study 1, non‐Hispanics judged the defendant to be more guilty than did Hispanics when the defendant's testimony was presented in Spanish than when it was presented in English. This bias was offset when the judge's instructions admonished the jurors to ignore the fact that the defendant's testimony was translated. Similarly, in Study 2, subjects (all non‐Thai) judged the defendent more guilty when his testimony was presented in Thai than when it was presented in English. Again, this bias was eliminated by the judge's instructions to the jurors to ignore the fact that the testimony was translated. The increased guilty verdicts for defendants who did not testify in English appeared to be due to prejudice and language ethnocentrism, the belief that defendants in U.S. courts should speak Engl

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01160.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Pretrial publicity and a temporal interval between the news and trial were explored for their effects upon the jury's deliberation process and verdict. Publicity (neutral, negative) and trial timing (immediate, delayed) were manipulated in a 2 × 2 design. Twenty 12‐person simulated juries were exposed either to neutral or negative publicity and viewed a videotaped criminal trial immediately following news exposure or after a one‐week delay between news and trial. Dichotomous pre‐and postdeliberation verdicts, probability of guilt scales, trial recall, ratings of companion jurors, perceptions of attorneys, assessments of the news article, and recall of news facts were measured. Deliberations were tape recorded and content analyzed. Juries exposed to neutral and negative publicity did not significantly differ on conviction rate, deliberation length, or on quality of deliberations. Prejudicial news elicited counter remarks about the threatening nature of the publicity to the defendant's right to a fair trial. Individual juror data revealed that while the news manipulation did not significantly affect predeliberation verdicts or attention to trial events, negative news lowered jurors' probability estimates of guilt and facilitated their recall of news facts. A discriminant analysis predicting jury verdict indicated a lack of support for prior research showing damaging effects from prejudicial pretrial publicity. Findings are explored for methodological implications and for usefulness of theoretical notions of reactance, and “sleeper

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01161.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Based on a deductive process, several objective items were developed to measure people's sense of community with their city of residence. An item analysis produced a 17‐item scale, which was then evaluated for homogeneity and external validity in three studies using telephone interviews on random samples in Alabama and South Carolina. Of seven hypotheses that were tested, six received support. Results described the scale as internally reliable and unidimensional, and the scale differentiated between people who differed in terms of demographics, home ownership, and civic contributions. Contrary to prediction, the scale did not relate to how long people had lived in their city. Explanations for this were offered and then conclusions were drawn about the potential usefulness of the scal

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01162.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study examined the impact the quantitative job demands on satisfaction and psychological anxiety. In addition, the moderating effects of locus of control and activity level were examined. Consistent with the literature, perceptions of job demands were found to negatively affect satisfaction and positively affect psychological anxiety. Individuals reporting high activity levels had the strongest positive relationship between perceived job demands and psychological anxiety. Finally, external locus of control strengthened the negative relationship between perceived job demands and satisfaction. Results and social implications are discussed.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01163.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined a hypothesized relationship between the level of emotional arousal and subsequent helping behavior in a real‐life bushfire emergency. Respondents were contacted after a major bushfire occurred near the city of Melbourne. They were asked about their emotional reactions on first hearing of the bushfire destruction and about their subsequent helping behavior. Respondents who reported feelings of shock, terror, horror, or sickness donated significantly more to bushfire appeals than did respondents not reporting these emotions. Helping was also related to initial feelings of sympathy for the victims and initial feelings of wanting to help the victims. The results support a general model of emergency intervention linking emotional arousal to helping behavio

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01164.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Women's historical lack of prominence in Western culture has been the subject of much research and debate in recent years. One area of partiuclar concern has been language: the grammatical prescription of masculine words as generic to describe both men and women. In the service of equality between the sexes, it is crucial to demonstrate that “generic” masculine words are indeed interpreted as generic (equally inclusive of women and men) by language users. The research reported here manipulated gender neutrality of language descriptors to determine whether generic masculine nouns, pronouns, and possessive pronominal adjectives function more similarly to gender specific terms or neuter terms. The relative masculinity of responses to these terms was assessed within three different tasks (draw a picture, read an essay, and provide example names). In addition, the relative masculinity/femininity of 10 terms with various intended gender references was empirically assessed. Participants rated each of them using 14 adjectives taken from the Bern Sex Role Inventory. Results support and extend previous research by showing (1) that “generic” masculine nouns, pronouns, and adjectives function similarly to gender specific masculine terms and (2) that certain grammatically “neutral” terms are in fact rated as relatively masculine. This evidence demonstrates that the use of “generic” masculine and even other grammatically neutral terms in effect serves to exclude women from the English language. The resulting masculine bias in our language reflects and reinforces the pattern of male domin

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01165.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY