摘要:

A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction between task incentives and the Type A behavior pattern in determining performance during a task of verbal problem solving. The results indicated that Type A subjects responded more quickly and more frequently than their Type B counterparts. In addition, evidence suggested that a situational characteristic–whether instructions offered a monetary reward or served as an evaluative stressor–affected subjects differently depending on their behavior pattern classification. These findings suggest that Pattern A behavior occurs as a response to challenges signifying the potential for reward as well as a threat of failure. Implications for future research emphasize the need to investigate the characteristics of the situation and the task, as well as the individ

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1980.tb00696.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this investigation was to develop and refine a psychometric measure of self‐motivation and assess its relationship to adherence to programs of habitual physical activity. Following construction of a Self‐Motivation Inventory, a series of studies were conducted involving the pretesting of undergraduate males and females (N= 401) and subsequent validation work involving intercollegiate women athletes (N= 64) and adult males (N= 66) in actual exercise settings. Results of the psychometric work provided evidence for the logical validity, internal consistency, and test‐retest reliability of the self‐motivation construct. In addition, convergent and discriminant evidence was provided for construct validity through self‐motivation's pattern of association with other conceptually relevant psychometric variables. Finally, from the standpoint of behavioral validation, self‐motivation proved to be the best discriminator between exercise adherers and dropouts among the psychological variables employed and was strongly related to program adherence in both exercise settings. In fact, when combined with selected morphologic variables in a psychobiologic framework, self‐motivation scores were found to accurately classify participants according to their adherence status in approximately 80% of all cases and to account for nearly 50% of the variance in exercise adher

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1980.tb00697.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study tested the Supreme Court's assumption that jurors discount a coerced confession as unreliable and do not allow it to influence their decisions. In two experiments, subjects read a transcript of a trial in which testimony revealed that the defendant had confessed either on his own accord (no constraint), in response to an offer of leniency (positive constraint), in response to a threat of punishment (negative constraint), or not at all (control group). In Experiment 1, subjects discounted the negatively induced confession. However, their estimates of the probability that the defendant committed the crime were increased not only by the unconstrained confession, but by the positively constrained one as well. Experiment 2 essentially replicated this pattern for probability‐of‐commision estimates and verdicts despite the additional finding that the positively constrained confession was in fact perceived as involuntary. The potential danger of admitting the latter as evidence was noted and specific recommendations were m

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1980.tb00698.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The need for indirect assessment techniques for the measurement of social attitudes is discussed, and the disappointing results of many current methodologies reviewed. Contrastive Vignette Technique (CVT), an indirect‐structured methodology designed to overcome many of the shortcomings inherent in Current techniques, is presented. Three construct validation procedures were carried out in attempting to provide evidence for the value of the CVT approach in the assessment of group attitudes: Prediction of convergent and divergent response patterns based on group membership, comparison against concurrent direct measurement of the same conceptual content area, and comparison of response patterns across and within vignettes. Overall results provided support for the validity of the present approach. Of 16 directional response‐pattern predictions made in the first experiment, 15 were confirmed, and the remaining prediction was in the expected direction. In the second procedure, expectations of differential response patterns were more clearly observed in CVT performance than in responses on direct scales designed to address the same content. Results of the final experiment suggested that CVT performance was consistent and transsituational, but that the effect of the evaluative context was stronger than expected. Extension and application of CVT is discus

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1980.tb00699.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The accuracy of police perceptions of alcohol intoxication was assessed by comparing officers' impressions of intoxication with quantitative Breathalyzer measurements of blood alcohol concentration (BAC). Eighteen police officers predicted the BACs of 36 students who had consumed either a high or low dosage of alcohol. Results indicated that the officers could not discriminate between students who had consumed either the high or low alcohol dosage. More specifically, the officers were reasonably accurate in their predictions of students in the low alcohol condition, but they strongly underestimated the degree of intoxication of students in the high dose condition.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1980.tb00700.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A field experiment investigated violation of the spacing norm which keeps distance between people in a particular type of crowding, high social density, when the number of people in an area is large but space is not necessarily restricted. The proportion of people passing a drinking fountain who drank from the fountain was observed in conditions of high and low social density and, for each of these densities, when a confederate stood one foot from the fountain and when no one stood near the fountain. Three hundred passersby were observed in each of the four conditions. The observations supported the conclusion that the spacing norm was followed in low social density (p<.01) but violated under conditions of high social density for reasons other than lack of space. Interpretation focused on several concomitants of high social density, especially excessive social stimulation, and the accompanying tendencies to attribute less of the usual social meanings to people and honor fewer of their expectations.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1980.tb00701.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three hundred and thirty‐four adults were surveyed regarding their satisfaction with the postal service either 2 weeks before a 2c increase in first‐class postage, 2 days after, or 4 weeks after. Two days after the increase, relatively low users reported more dissatisfaction, while high use customers reported increased satisfaction. The personal cost associated with inequitable conditions (higher price for same services) appears to moderate the use of justificatory responses. Four weeks after the increase, satisfaction returned to pre‐increase levels, suggesting that feelings of inequity created by the price increase were temp

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1980.tb00702.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY