摘要:

The present study uses psychological theories of judgment and decision making in analyzing cognitions relevant to drunk driving decisions. Four groups of individuals were examined: (a) those having multiple convictions for drunk driving, (b) those having one conviction for drunk driving, (c) those never having been convicted of drunk driving but, who admit to having driven while intoxicated, and (d) those who drive, but claim to not have driven while intoxicated. Cognitions examined included perceived drunkenness relative to legally allowable blood alcohol levels for driving, perceived probabilities for being stopped and arrested and being involved in an automobile accident if driving drunk, and drunk driving tendencies. Perceived probabilities of being stopped and arrested and being involved in an accident were evaluated as a function of manipulations of 4 cues in a 2 × 2 × 4 × 3 factorial design (Distance to Destination × Weather and Road Conditions × Number of Drinks × Time to Consume). Perceived drunkenness was evaluated as a function of the manipulations of two cues in a 4 × 3 factorial design (Number of Drinks Consumed × Time to Consume). Results indicated the presence of several misperceptions and inappropriate response tendencies that potentially can be modified with educational efforts. These results are discussed in terms of the differential impact of previous arrest for DWI on different DWI‐related

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00491.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

How do people form beliefs about sanctions and norms toward the legal system? Using data from a telephone survey with 1,200 Minnesota adult residents, we examine how income sources that provide an opportunity to avoid official detection shape the amount and sources of communication about IRS enforcement effectiveness. Individuals with economic exchanges that provide the opportunity to cheat without detection received significantly more information about tax issues and IRS enforcement, especially from co‐workers. Although both family members and co‐workers were major sources of tax information, individuals received more information about IRS enforcement effectiveness from co‐workers than from family members. Communication with co‐workers lowered the perceived likelihood of IRS detections for overstating deductions, lowered the perceived severity of informal sanctions for tax cheatings, and lowered the perceived fairness of tax laws and positive personal norms toward compliance with tax laws. In contrast, communication with family members enhanced the perceived fairness of tax laws and positive personal norms toward compliance with tax laws. These findings are interpreted in the framework of social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954). We discuss implications for the theory and research on the development of beliefs about enforcement systems and compliance wi

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00492.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A number of investigators have attempted to identify the determinants of continued participation in exercise regimens. Within a social cognitive framework, the present study examined the relationships among self‐efficacy cognitions, perceptions of success, and multidimensional intrinsic motivation in the exercise domain. Multivariate analyses of variance indicated that highly efficacious individuals were more intrinsically motivated toward aerobic dance than were their less efficacious counterparts. However, multiple regression analyses revealed both perceptions of success and self‐efficacy to account for significant variance in intrinsic motivation at both the composite and dimensional levels. Moreover, perceptions of success were considerably stronger predictors than were efficacy cognitions. The results are discussed in terms of the need for multiple measures of perceived success, the employment of longitudinal designs to determine the direction of causality among these variables, and possible implications for adherence iss

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00493.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined the efficacy of external distraction as a coping strategy. Thirty‐eight dental patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: incidental music during the dental procedure, music coupled with suggestions that music would help reduce stress, or a no‐treatment control group. Patients in both music groups reported experiencing less stress (i.e., less pain. less discomfort, more control) than patients in the no‐treatment group. Patient ratings made by dentists, blind to condition, provided converging evidence for the therapeutic effect of distraction. Thus, distracting music was found to be effective in reducing stress and increasing perceptions of control. The relative ease and simplicity of implementing external distraction compared to manipulating actual control in a medical setting may make this manipulation attractive to professionals involved with individuals experiencing s

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00494.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00495.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY