摘要:

Two hundred forty‐seven unemployed individuals completed a battery of scales assessing constructs relevant to the unemployment situation. These constructs included: financial situation, employment commitment, job‐seeking confidence, time structure, mental health, cognitive impairment, physical symptoms, and unemployment negativity (how upset an individual is about being unemployed). The results on a subset of these variables were cluster analyzed to assess whether the unemployed individuals in this sample formed meaningful subtypes. The cluster analysis revealed four distinct subtypes of unemployed individuals. The subtypes that were identified can help us to understand the heterogeneity inherent in the unemployment experience. The differences among the subtypes also have implications for designing outplacement and intervention workshops for the unemplo

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00594.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Exercise has important health benefits but a large proportion of the population is physically inactive. We examined the stages of readiness to exercise and their relationship to self‐efficacy, the costs and benefits of exercising, and self‐report of physical activity in a sample of Rhode Island worksites. Using a three‐step model‐building approach, exploratory principal components analyses were followed by an examination of the stages of change model with confirmatory structural equation modeling procedures. The model was then examined with longitudinal data. Confirmatory and longitudinal analyses showed an excellent tit between the model and the data. Results indicated that the costs and benefits of exercise and self‐efficacy for exercise were related to physical activity only indirectly, through the mediation of stage of readiness to exercise. Structural modeling fit indices revealed that much of the variation and covariation in physical activity was explained by the model. There is the potential to enhance the impact of exercise interventions, by targeting them so as to address factors related to these different stages of

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00595.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Research and theory are reviewed which consider two decision biases: escalation of commitment and decision framing. Some authors (Bazerman, 1986; Whyte, 1986) have suggested that escalation of commitment may be explained by the decision framing used in the research paradigms. A study was conducted which simultaneously manipulated both responsibility for a prior decision and decision frame. Results show a main effect on resource allocation for responsibility and no effect for decision frame. A follow‐up study found that amount of information provided systematically affected the framing bias, and that when responsibility was added to a large amount of contextual information, the framing effect became nonsignificant. These results suggest a need to further examine the boundary conditions of framin

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00596.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this study, we examined the effects of military service during the Vietnam War on the quality of life in middle adulthood for a cohort of men characterized by a privileged socioeconomic status. The final sample included 374 men who, upon graduating from an Ivy League college in 1966, performed military service in Vietnam, engaged in military service during this time in regions other than Vietnam, or did not serve in the military. As indices of quality of life in the middle years, we used a set of health‐related behaviors, a series of life transitions experienced after the age of 40, and satisfaction with various components of life, as well as life as a whole. Multivariate analyses of variance and chi‐square analyses revealed significant differences among the sample subgroups on several quality‐of‐life indices. The subgroup of Vietnam veterans reported more frequent alcohol use than the nonveterans. In terms of midlife transitions, the Vietnam veterans were most likely to have changed careers and to have moved residence, and the least likely to feel lonely in middle adulthood. Compared to the Vietnam veterans and the Vietnam‐era veterans, the nonveteran group was least likely to have questioned their values, experienced depression, or to have moved to a new home. Finally, the Vietnam veterans were significantly less satisfied with their careers, finances, and with life in general, compared to their nonveteran counterparts; however, they reported more satisfaction with their male friendships than did Vietnam‐era veterans. These findings suggest that the Vietnam War experience is associated with lower quality of life during middle adulthood in certain domains, even among a select group of individuals, of high socioeconomic status, whose privileged background could have presumably protected them from the adversities of the

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00597.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An earlier study by Howard (1990) employed a “foot‐in‐the‐mouth” approach (FITM) to increase the frequency of compliance with charitable requests. This effect was explained through consistency theory: People are more likely to comply with a request for a charitable donation if the person making the request first asks the potential donor how he or she is feeling, and then acknowledges the donor's response. The potential donor was expected to behave in accordance with his or her publicly stated feeling‐state. However, some of the compliance in Howard's study may be attributable to an increased perception of relationship between the requester and donor (Roloff, 1987). Not only was the donor required to be consistent with his or her publicly stated feeling‐state, but the donor had to behave in a manner consistent with the relationship implied by the requester. Two studies examined this possibility. The first study found a FITM approach that manipulated only relational obligations consistency resulted in higher rates of compliance than both the standard and feeling‐state FITM approach. A second study examined the mechanism for this increased compliance. Results show that although both FITM approaches produced more positive relational perceptions between the requester and donor than the standard approach, the relational obligations approach produced more positive relational perceptions than did the othe

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00598.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Perceptions and reactions to inequity may hinge on referents of comparison and also on employees' rank in the organization. This study examined how three comparison referents—internal same‐rank, external same‐rank and external whole‐organization—and respondents' hierarchical status in the company influence perceptions of inequity. The study also examined the relationship of perceived inequity with affect, job satisfaction, job involvement, organizational commitment, and stress. Seventy‐five employees randomly selected from the three hierarchical levels of a manufacturing company (managers, supervisors, and workers) were the respondents. Results suggest that when individuals made comparisons with external same‐rank and external whole‐organization referents they experienced more inequity than when they made internal same‐rank comparisons. Managers in comparison to supervisors and workers perceived less inequity related to pay, general rules administration, promotion, company and fringe benefits, advancement opportunities, and social power. Perception of inequity was found to be negatively related to job involvement, job satisfaction, and affect, and positively related to stress. Results implicate the role of social comparison referents in the evaluation of organizational rewards and percep

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00599.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY