摘要:

It was proposed that social injustice is more easily perceived in situations distant from self than in situations proximate to self. A corollary of this proposition, the Liberal Distance Function (LDF), was explored in the present research. Formally stated, the LDF proposes that the degree of favorable support for a social reform will increase as the distance between the subject and the locus of reform increases. Attitudes toward (a) a prison reform program and (b) a proposed public housing project were sampled from groups living at various distances from these projects. Predictions generated by the LDF were generally confirmed, with the groups most distant from the reforms being the most favorable toward these reforms. The implications of the present findings for predicting public reactions to social reform were briefly discussed, and it was argued that public response to reform proposals can be accurately gauged only when respondents can weigh realistically the expected costs and benefits of those reforms.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1973.tb02397.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A series of four field studies were conducted to examine how motorists behaved at intersections. In each study, the proportion of drivers who pulled out in front of oncoming cars at varying temporal distances was recorded. In the first study, it was found that the proportion of turns in front of an approaching car was related to the log of the temporal distance between the subjects and the oncoming cars by a normal ogive. The remaining studies examined the effects that the presence of various types of audiences had on this risk‐taking function. It was found that being forced to wait in a line of cars before being allowed to turn substantially increased the risks that drivers took, whereas the presence of other cars behind and/or beside the subject's car had no effect on the risk‐taking function. A hypothesis explaining these effects in terms of the frustration of being forced to wait was supported while a social facilitation hypothesis was not. It was also discovered that males take more risks than females, a fact which could explain the higher accident rate for ma

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1973.tb02398.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An experiment was designed to test the following hypotheses derived from Equity Theory: (I) Underpaid pieceworkers will produce more work of lower quality than equitably paid pieceworkers and (II) Overpaid pieceworkers will produce less work of higher quality than equitably paid pieceworkcrs. Thirty‐six males and 36 females were hired for a 1‐hour proofreading job. Subjects were assigned randomly to receive 15, 30, or 60 cents per page. All subjects met another worker (really a confederate) who revealed that he was receiving 30 cents per page. This produced three experimental conditions: underpayment, equity, and overpayment. The principal dependent variables were number of pages read and proportion of errors detected by subjects. In general, the results provide strong support for Equity Theory. Males and females both performed in a manner consistent with the hypotheses, although females did tend to react less intensely than did males when overp

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1973.tb02399.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Fourteen female subjects were tested during the menstrual (days 1–4), follicular (days 6–12), luteal (days 17–21), and premenstrual (days 23–27) phases of their menstrual cycles. Of the tests used (arm‐hand steadiness, galvanic skin response to an auditory stimulus, reaction time ‐ simple and choice, time estimation, and digit‐symbol substitution), only arm‐hand steadiness showed statistically significant fluctuations over the course of the cycle. Daily self‐ratings of various symptoms and moods showed no significant changes when the appropriate statistical techniques were used; parametric techniques suggested fluctuations in reports of pain, bloatedness, hunger, hours of sleep, and pressure of immedi

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1973.tb02400.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a 2 × 3 design, simulated jurors received either weak or strong evidence against a defendant in a murder case. Within each evidence condition, subjects were given either additional evidence ruled admissible, additional evidence ruled inadmissible, or no additional evidence. Results indicated that (a) jurors were biased by inadmissible evidcnce in the weak‐evidence but not in the strong‐evidence condition, (b) strong evidence resulted in more guilty verdicts than did weak evidence, (c) confidence in verdict was influenced by strength of evidence, and (d) confidence of guilt was positively correlated with severity of punishment. Implications of the results are discussed within the context of the judicial pro

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1973.tb02401.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Forty male undergraduates were subjects in an experiment testing persuasibility under conditions of aggression and nonaggression. Social pressure (aggressive or pacifist) was used to persuade subjects to administer either an intense shock or a mild shock, via an electrode, to opponents. Subjects were also tested alone and in the mere presence of an audience. Aggressive social pressure significantly increased shock settings toward a nonaggressive opponent. Pacifistic social pressure significantly decreased aggression against an unmitigating aggressive opponent. The social pressure manipulation influenced the subjects' subsequent alone behavior in the former, but not the latter case. Mere audience presence mildly facilitated aggressive responding toward both types of opponents.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1973.tb02402.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study evaluated the effectiveness of an experimental automated highway‐help system for stranded motorists (the Flash system). Direct and indirect helping behavior rates as a function of the race and sex of supposedly stranded drivers on the Flash‐equipped highway were compared to helping rates on a comparable, non‐Flash‐equipped highway. The results indicated that the automated system produced (a) higher overall helping rates and (b) higher helping rates for white persons, with type of help (direct or indirect) interacting with confeder

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1973.tb02403.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

What characterizes students who become involved in political campaigns and what effects does their campaigning have on them? During a 2‐week election recess, about one‐third of the students at Princeton University chose to campaign. Those students who did so were liberal rather than radical in their political orientation. Those who participated seemed predisposed to campaign because they thought campaigning was an effective way of bringing about the changes that they sought. Campaigners were more likely than their fellow students to have engaged in political activity before. Such efforts may be evidence of their beliefs that political activity causes change, or might have been the forming experience for those beliefs. If the candidate for whom the student campaigned won the election, the student by and large strengthened or maintained his original attitudes about the efficacy of campaigning. If his candidate lost, the student became more pessimistic about the efficacy of campaigners whose candidates won also changed in an internal direction on a personal‐control subscale of Rotter's (1966) internal‐external scale; those whose candidates lost tended to change in an external di

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1973.tb02404.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY