摘要:

In order to investigate hypothesized limitations on a portion of the Fishbein expectancy‐value model, a three wave panel survey was conducted during the 1978 Texas Democratic gubernatorial primary. The survey elicited respondents' beliefs about the candidates, attitudes toward the candidates, and commitment to the candidates. Analyses revealed that the correlations between evaluative beliefs about candidates (Σeibi) and global attitudes toward them (Ao) were affected to varying degrees by three factors extraneous to Fishbein's model. There was evidence that belief‐attitude correspondence was affected by (1) respondent education and income, (2) degree of commitment to the candidates, and (3) familiarity with the candidates (salie

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1981.tb00732.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This research sought to examine the effects of threats and promises on compliance and the formation of subordinate coalitions in a simulated employeremployee conflict situation. It also sought to determine some of the motives underlying coalition decisions‐tangible and intangible‐and the conditions under which each of these possible motive types would be salient. Coalition motives were examined by manipulating the consequences for coalition members following their use of coalition power (presence vs. absence of monetary gain). A control condition was present in which no such power was available.Ninety male undergraduate business students were randomly assigned to one of six experimental conditions in a 3 × 2 factorial design. Three Ss engaged in a modified bilateral monopoly bargaining task in which two of them (the “employees”) believed they were exchanging a series of offers and counteroffers with the third (the “employer”) over a hypothetical wage increase for a maximum of eight rounds. Ss were told they would earn a sum of money proportional to the effectiveness of their bargaining. In actuality, all Ss were assigned the employee role and all employer “offers” were pre‐programmed. On round six, the Ss were “sent” either a threat or promise message by the employer demanding that they accept his round five offer. Compliance‐noncompliance was defined as employee acceptance‐rejection of this demand, respectively. In addition to compliance behavior,Ss in coalition conditions had the power to form an alliance with the other employee against the employer after the latter used his threat or promise power. Coalitions could confiscate up to 25% of the employer's earnings and, depending on experimental condition, could either keep or not keep any money their coalition acquired.It was hypothesized that threateners would elicit less compliance, and be responded to with more, and more severe subordinate coalitions than would promisers. It was further assumed that there would be less compliance when subordinates had coalition power, and that the effect of monetary reward on the likelihood of coalition formation would be contingent on the type of power (threats vs. promises) the employer used. Specifically, it was assumed that a majority ofSs in the Threat condition who had this power would form coalitions against the employerregardlessof whether or not they realized any tangible gain for doing so. In the promise condition, however, it was expected that coalition decisions would be based primarily on whetherSs stood to gain monetarily. The hypotheses were supported.These results were discussed in terms of the impact of power acquisition as a variable mediating perception and compliance behavior, and in terms of the role of economic vs. retaliatory motives as factors underlying subordinate coalition decisions. Some of the conditions which influence the relative salience of these two coalition motives were proposed, and the organizational implications of the

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1981.tb00733.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sixty undergraduates negotiated an exchange of resources in dyads. They had either high or low power relative to the other and were within a competitive or cooperative context. Results support the hypothesis that these contexts affect unequal power persons' interaction and relationship. Compared to those in the cooperative context, high and lower power participants in the competitive context suspected each other, refused to exchange resources, developed negative attitudes toward each other, and associated power with control. In addition, low power participants in the competitive context indicated considerable insecurity about the interaction. These results highlight that previous literature has tended, often implicitly, to consider power and unequal power relationships within a competitive context. The dynamics proposed by this literature that inequality of power undermines negotiations and that power refers to the control of another were found to be much stronger within a competitive context than a cooperative one. Whereas the emphasis of the literature has been on power equalization, findings suggest that placing power differences in a cooperative con text can contribute to effective working relationships.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1981.tb00734.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study investigated the construct of psychological sense of community among individuals in a treatment analogue context. Specifically, sense of community among group members was examined as a function of three variables which have received extensive attention in the experimental social psychology literature and are central characteristics of many treatment settings: (a) perceived similarity with others in a group, (b) perceived freedom of choice in selecting a group, and (c) salience of membership in a category or group. As hypothesized, a main effect was found for valence of perceived similarity, with greater sense of community among those with a positive as contrasted to a negative shared characteristic. The hypothesized main effect for perceived freedom of choice received partial support, with greater sense of community among individuals high in perceived choice. The hypothesized salience by perceived similarity interaction also received partial support. In the high choice condition, high salience decreased sense of community among respondents sharing a negative attribute.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1981.tb00735.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mock jurors were given information about a stabbing incident which varied in incrimination value (high or low) and a psychological profile of the perpetrator which varied in the degree of indicated insanity (high, medium, or low) in four replications of a 2 × 3 design. In one replication, the information was presented in the context of a sanity hearing where guilt was not an issue. In three other replications, the context was a criminal trial in which the defendant pleaded not guilty on the facts, not guilty by reason of insanity (NGI), or both. Judgments in the insanity plea replication were significantly affected by incrimination information even though sanity is legally the only issue. Insanity information predictably affected judgments in the sanity hearing but had only weak effects in the insanity plea context. It was concluded that the judgment dimension which equates insanity with not guilty results in a conflict which subjects resolved by viewing the dimension as more of a guilt dimension

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1981.tb00736.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY