摘要:

The United States judiciary assumes jurors obey the law as it is charged to them in the trial judge's instructions. This paper contends that jurors' comprehension of the law results from an active intelligence which makes available alternative decision rules giving rise to the power of juries to nullify instructions. To study the compliance assumption, we presented to mock jurors pattern jury instructions along with summaries of testimonies from a rape trial. Four times during the trial we administered to participants measures of their attributions of defendant responsibility, judgments about the legal elements of the case, and verdicts. Multiple regressions conducted with data from separate subsamples and with separate questionnaire administrations revealed that a) verdicts were based on attributions independent of the jury instructions, b) individual differences in life experiences predicted the degree to which decision makers used their attributions, and c) the more practiced participants were at applying the jury instructions the more heavily they weighed their own attributions and less heavily the judgments required by the law. We concluded that comprehension alone cannot predict the likelihood that jurors will comply with the law. Therefore, the assumption that jurors follow the law needs to be more carefully considered.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00477.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to measure the self‐esteem, stress of life events, and locus of control among unemployed and employed blue‐collar workers. It was hypothesized that (a) being unemployed decreases an individual's self‐esteem, (b) being unemployed increases an individual's stress level by experiencing significant life changes, and (c) being unemployed increases an individual's external locus of control orientation. The study was conducted in a production/manufacturing organization, utilizing a systematic random sampling procedure that yielded 562 subjects. The results from the collected data did not support Hypothesis A or C. A significant change with stress in conjunction with life events was found but was mediated by several factors, including age and a nonsignificant correlation between time laid‐off and stress levels. The study suggests that an individual's reaction to unemployment does not appreciably affect their self‐esteem and locus of control when compared to the

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00478.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In an experiment designed to test the effects of role assignment and verbal interaction on accuracy and overconfidence in interpersonal judgment, subjects estimated the questionnaire responses of a randomly assigned partner and assessed their confidence in each estimate. Ninety‐five subjects were assigned to one of four conditions in a 2 (role vs. no‐role) by 2 (verbal interaction vs. no‐interaction) design. Results indicated that accuracy was positively related to the weight subjects gave to their own responses in estimating the other person's responses, and both role assignment and verbal interaction caused subjects to give less weight to their own responses. Because they gave less weight to their own responses, subjects in the role conditions were less accurate than those in the no‐role conditions, and this reduction in accuracy resulted in greater overconfidence and worse calibration. Practical implications of these results are di

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00479.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this research was to test theoretical explanations of intention to seek care promptly for a breast cancer symptom. Psychosocial variables (affect, expectations, values, and norms), habit, and facilitating conditions (e.g., insurance) regarding care seeking were proposed to influence intention to seek care promptly. Whether psychosocial variables and habit influenced intention directly or in interaction with facilitating conditions remained unclear. Other variables (i.e., clinical and demographic) were proposed to influence intention by mediation through the theoretical variables. Community‐dwelling women without history of breast cancer (N= 99) responded to a questionnaire to assess study variables. In a hierarchical set regression, intention was first regressed on psychosocial variables, habit, and full insurance coverage for care, then on terms representing interactions of insurance coverage with psychosocial variables and habit, and lastly on clinical and demographic variables. Findings revealed that (a) anxiety (measure of affect), utility, (the product of expectations and values), and habitwererelated to intention, (b) having full insurance coverage didnotmoderate these relationships, and (c) after controlling for theoretical variables, family history of breast cancer was related inversely to intention. Implications for theory, research, and practice are delineate

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00480.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY