摘要:

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether target applicants of different race and/or sex affected the degree of contrast effect error, in an interview setting. This study was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial ANOVA design (Preceding Applicants × Race × Sex). Undergraduates (N= 120) were randomly assigned to one of the eight experimental conditions. Each subject viewed and rated three videotaped interview simulations. As hypothesized, results indicated a large contrast effect, i.e., preceding applicant main effect. Furthermore, the results also revealed a significant three‐way interaction. The ratings given to all target applicants in the Negative Predecessor condition were equally lenient, while the ratings given to ail target applicants in the Positive Predecessor condition were more variable. The focus of this condition was on the white male target applicant, who received the lowest ratings of any target applicant. Interpretation and suggestions for future research are disc

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01205.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We investigate the degree of correspondence between legal concepts underpinning third‐party consent searches (a co‐resident permits police search of shared living space and belongings) and laypersons' sociocultural expectations. In accord with the legal concepts, we hypothesized that laypersons would be able to distinguish between authority over (1) exclusive‐use vs. common‐use areas, and (2) personal effects in exclusive‐use vs. common‐use areas. But, we also expected that (3) the interpretation of “common authority” would be influenced by the presence vs. absence of the co‐resident, and (4) the type of intruder (social, commercial, civil authority, or criminal justice authority) would influence responses to requests for entry. These hypotheses were tested using a fully between‐subjects, factorial design (N= 160). Results supported our first three hypotheses. Subjects understood the concept of a warrantless search and distinguished between “exclusive use” areas and “common authority” areas at the level of rooms within the shared residence. Subjects' interpretation of “common authority” for third‐party consent purposes was influenced by physical presence of the co‐resident. If the co‐resident was absent, “common authority” was interpreted as independent consent power. There was no consensual interpretation of “common authority” when the co‐resident was present and protested the proposed search. Results suggest situational dependence of lay understanding

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01206.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

As part of a longitudinal study of legal socialization (N= 507), a subset of the sample (n= 87) was chosen for an exploratory naturalistic experiment of the effect of manipulated residence hall judicial policies on attitudes toward rule‐violating behavior. Freshman students who directly participated in the functioning of their dormitory judicial system (n= 26) expressed attitudes less tolerant of rule‐violating behaviors than did freshman students (n= 12) who had no control over how rules were enforced. Students in both of these experimental conditions expressed attitudes less tolerant of rule‐violating behavior than did those (n= 49) living in two control dormitories operating under the usual university policies. While noting the problem of confounds inherent in naturalistic designs, the results are interpreted as suggesting that while the imposition of strict rules by an external authority can result in attitudinal compliance, a stronger effect can be achieved by fostering shared values through active student participation in the judicial system. The implications of these findings are interpreted within the context of control t

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01207.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To examine the postulate that the drinking woman is viewed differently than her nondrinking counterpart, two experiments were conducted. In Study 1, 174 subjects completed an alcohol expectancy questionnaire that was modified to assess expected alcohol effects on another person: young man or young woman. The woman was perceived as being more sexual after drinking than was the man. These perceptions were also influenced by expected alcohol dosage, subjects' gender, and drinking experience. In Study 2, 176 subjects read a vignette depicting a woman having drinks with a man. To manipulate the stimulus woman's consumption and the drink payment arrangement, 8 versions of the vignette were employed: The woman was described as drinking cola or alcohol (beer, wine or whiskey) and as paying for her own drinks or allowing the man to “pick up the tab”. Subjects rated the drinking woman as significantly more aggressive, impaired, sexually available, and as significantly more likely to engage in foreplay and intercourse. Perceptions of her sexual disinhibition and likelihood of sex play were significantly enhanced if the man bought the drinks. Compared to their own perceptions of her, subjects estimated that her date would see her as significantly more disinhibited and socially skilled and as less impaired. The alcohol‐drinking woman was also seen as less attractive than her cola‐drinking counterpart. Practical implications regarding stereotypes about cross‐gender drinking situations and theoretical implications regarding alcohol expectancy research are

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01208.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Main effects of personality on turnover have generally been weak. However, little previous research has considered its indirect effects. Personality may moderate the determinants of turnover. Using a sample of 192 hospital employees, this study examined the moderating effects of locus of control and ability to delay need gratification on the immediate determinants of turnover proposed by Mobley, Griffeth, Hand, and Meglino (1979). The findings generally indicated that the relative strength of the determinants of turnover varied as predicted. Implications for employee retention are discussed.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01209.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of perceived controllability of rape victimization among potential rape victims were investigated in three studies. In a true experiment, perceived controllability of rape was manipulated through a pamphlet rating paradigm (N= 60). Women who saw materials that presented rape as an uncontrollable event reported greater anxiety on the street (p<.001) and in their homes (p<.05), and greater intention to engage in precautionary behaviors (p<.001) than women who read materials that presented rape as somewhat more controllable. In a quasi‐experiment, women (N= 58) were classified as viewing rape as controllable or uncontrollable based on their descriptions of the “typical rape”. Women who viewed rape as an uncontrollable event reported higher risk of rape (p<.05) and unlike respondents in Study 1, reported less use of precautionary behaviors on the street (p<.05) than women who viewed rape as a somewhat controllable event. In Study 3, women (N= 40) were classified as perceiving high or low controllability based on pre‐test responses. As in Study 2, women who reported lower control perceptions also reported more fear and less precautionary behavior. As predicted, the high control women reported significantly higher levels of fear after being exposed to the low control message used in Study 1. These women, however, did not increase their intended self‐protective behavior. These results are discussed in terms of reactance and learned hel

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01210.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY