摘要:

It is commonly believed that attractive people are more successful, but the empirical support for this belief is mixed. A number of role‐playing, laboratory studies have demonstrated that more attractive men are more often hired, but the laboratory data for women are less consistent. Few studies have explored the effects of attractiveness on actual hiring and starting salaries for men or women. Even less work has been done on the impact of attractiveness once on the job. It was predicted that there would be positive effects for attractiveness and that the effects would be stronger as people worked longer on their jobs. To test this prediction, a sample of 737 male and female MBA graduates from the years between 1973 and 1982 was used to explore how facial attractiveness relates to starting and later salaries. Results indicated that more attractive men had higher starting salaries and they continued to earn more over time. For women, there was no effect of attractiveness for starting salaries, but more attractive women earned more later on in their jobs. By 1983, men were found to earn $2600 more on the average for each unit of attractiveness (on a 5‐point scale) and women earned $2150 more. Implications for research in this area are discus

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00458.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Field surveys and anecdotal evidence suggest that supporters and opponents of a given technology tend to draw opposite conclusions from noncatastrophic breakdowns. Three studies confirmed this tendency by presenting supporters and opponents of a particular technology with identical descriptions of various technological breakdowns. As predicted, the results indicated that (a) supporters focused on the fact that the safeguards worked, while opponents focused on the fact that the breakdown occurred in the first place; and (b) after reading about the breakdown, supporters reported feeling that the chances of a catastrophic accident were less than previously assumed, whereas opponents reported feeling that the chances of an accident were greater than previously assumed. The recommendation by Lord, Lepper, and Preston (1984) for partisans to consider opposite outcomes‐such as a serious failure in safeguards or the absence of major breakdowns—was discussed as a way of preventing biased assimilation and attitude polarizat

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00459.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We interviewed a sample of 317 married women prior to a tubal sterilization (195) or a husband's vasectomy (122) and then reinterviewed them yearly for 5 years. Using these women's responses to six questions about their feelings and desires following sterilization, we fitted a latent‐variable model of post‐sterilization regret to the data by means of a linear structural equation analysis. The results confirmed our view that post‐sterilization regret was not a simple psychological state but rather was a complex process with different, causally linked manifestations. This process began with a renewed interest in having a baby, proceeded to the development of negative feeling about the three decisions that lead to sterilization, and concluded with a desire to reverse the surgery. This sequence was affected by the negative, post‐sterilization effects of the sterilization and by the Occurrence of divorce. Next, we identified the pre‐sterilization predictors of six regret variables from our model by means of a series of linear regression analyses. The major pre‐sterilization predictors of the regret process included being relatively young, ambivalence about future childbearing, negative attitudes toward sterilization, dominance of the decision making by the woman's husband, and conflict with her husband during decision making. Finally, we divided the sample into quintiles on the basis of their scores on a Pre‐Sterilization Predictor Scale and assessed the performance of our predictor variables as indicators of risk of regret by determining the level of negative feelings toward sterilization in each quintile. The results confirm the discriminatory power of our predictors. The overall findings indicate a number of psychological and marital issues, the exploration of which might help counselors provide anticipatory and preventative services to couples seeking

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00460.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two experiments tested whether a dogmatic alcohol prevention message may, by arousing psychological reactance (the motivation to reassert a threatened freedom) result in more subsequent alcohol consumption, compared to a neutral message. In Study 1, 535 college students received either a high‐threat (dogmatic) or low‐threat (neutral) message recommending either abstinence or controlled drinking. Results indicated that high‐threat messages were rated more negatively and resulted in more drinking intentions compared to low threat. The negative effect of high threat on message ratings was most pronounced for habitually heavy drinkers and an abstinence‐espousing message. In Study 2, under the guise of a “memory study,” 74 college students received either a high‐ or low‐threat message recommending abstinence from alcohol. Then, under the guise of a “perception study,” all subjects participated in a taste‐rating task in which their beer consumption was unobtrusively measured. Results indicated that the effect of high threat was most negative for male heavy drinkers, who drank significantly more beer compared to low‐threat controls. These results suggest that the persuasive ability of alcohol prevention efforts depend to a considerable extent on the reactance‐arousing properties of the materials and that dogmatic alcohol prevention materials may have counterproductive effects

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00461.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY