摘要:

Protests against affirmative action articulate the concern that qualified white males will be subordinated to less qualified women and minorities. To examine the possibility that the reversal of traditional status relationships rather than competence inequity underlies resistance to affiimative action, a study was conducted in which subjects interacted with a male or female who was introduced as their supervisor or subordinate and as either higher or lower in ability than themselves. The results indicate that status, not ability, influences the frequency of helping women, whereas ability, not status, primarily influences helping behavior toward men. Specifically. female subordinates were helped more than females supervisors, regardless of ability, while high‐ability males elicited more help than low‐ability males, independent of status. Subsequent ratings revealed that although subjects acknowledged the greater competence of high‐ability males, they did not evaluate high‐ability females as more competent than the

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb01734.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Reports were obtained from middle‐class and working‐class unemployed British men about change or lack of change since job loss in 37 different behaviors. The behaviors were grouped into Domestic Work, Domestic Pastimes, Other Pastimes, Book Reading, Recreations, Entertainment Through Money, and Social Contacts. Contrary to findings from 1930s research, significant increases in social contact and book reading were reported since job loss. Other significant increases were reported within all categories except Entertainment Through Money, where a significant decline was recorded. A number of social class differences were found. For instance, middleclass unemploycd men were significantly more likely than their working‐class counterparts to report increased book reading for study and more visits to the public library. Working‐class respondents were significantly more likely to report increased looking around shops without buying and reduced visits to the pub. Several significant associations between reported behavior changes and aspects of psychological and general health were o

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb01735.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Lamaze method of childbirth involves educating women in pain control techniques and training men to “coach” the women through labor by giving social encouragement to endure pain. In a cold pressor experiment, women volunteers (N= 52) received either Lamaze training (or none) or direct social encouragement to tolerate ice water (or none). Women were tested for tolerance before and after training. They also completed the California Q‐Set personality description and an assertiveness questionnaire. The Lamaze training induced longer endurance among participants, whereas direct social encouragement induced very long endurance for some but little for others. The combined treatment powerfully induced endurance in many even though considerable variance was evident. Analyses of Q‐Set responses and the assertiveness measure revealed little to help predict who endured the pain. Results suggested that, in this situation, environmental variables were more important in predicting endurance than personality va

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb01736.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

While some previous research has suggested that group discussion may facilitate eyewitness accuracy, other research has drawn attention to the potential dangers of such discussion. The present studies examine this controversy and the interaction between accuracy and agreement following group discussion. It was found that individuals tend to agree in their testimony following group discussion, and are liable to change their original replies to bring themselves into agreement with group leaders' recall. A second experiment focused upon the actual items which witnesses agreed on following discussion. Changing the mode of questioning from interrogative to narrative eliminated differences in magnitude of agreement between discussion and no‐discussion groups. As narrative recall leads to reporting of “easy” items, it was suggested that only certain “difficult” items are susceptible to discussion effects. The need for caution regarding the reliance on testimony following witness discussion was

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb01737.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the structure and content of real‐life attributions, using these data to examine some important theoretical and empirical issues in attribution theory. The causal attributions examined came from free‐response verbal protocols of explanations for marital separation of 29 males and 33 females living in New Zealand. Respondents gave causal importance weghts to the attributions from their verbal protocols, utilizing the technique of subjective magnitude estimation. Ipsative data, representing perceived causal responsibility for different attribution targets (self, ex‐spouse, external factors, etc.), were derived from these weights, and the impact a range of independent variables exerted on these derived free‐response attribution percentages was examined. Evidence is presented which supports the validity and reliability of this technique. The normative data gathered was found to be both consistent and inconsistent with different aspects of attribution theory. The implications for attribution theory are di

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb01738.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the past several decades, changes in industrial societies have presented a host of issues, worldwide in scope, around which individual attitudes may form: technological growth, population expansion, environmental quality, global resources, differing societal goals, etc. This study (N= 325) was conducted to identify and assess the major attitude/belief constellations surrounding these issues and to examine their psychological basis and implications for risk perception and societal decision‐making procedures. Results supported the hypotheses that assessed contemporary worldviews are related in predictable ways to (a) the pexceived risk associated with selected technologies, (b) preferences for the manner in which societal decisions should be made, and (c) a coherent set of psychological variables. Discussion focuses on policy implications of differing contemporary worldviews and on future directions and applications of this line of researc

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb01739.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY