摘要:

This study examines how supervisors from three different organizations use social power in workgroups. A sample of 127 leaders completed a self‐report questionnaire describing social influence attempts using a scale derived from French and Raven's (1959) five bases of social power. The results show no significant differences between organizations in use of the bases of social power. Referent and Expert powers were used significantly more frequently by these leaders than Legitimate, Reward, and Coercive powers. The number of subordinates supervised within the workgroup was significantly correlated with increased use of Coercive power by the workgroup leader. These results are discussed in terms of the potential for using socially dependent influence to explain leaders' direction of workgroup member

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb00055.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Over a period of 6 months, factors related to change in cigarette smoking were investigated in a group of 250 adult outpatients, all of whom smoked at the time of enrollment in the study. Among the variables tested were demographic, social, and situational factors, beliefs about the health effects of smoking and difficulty of quitting, and intentions regarding future smoking. Information was gathered at baseline and the first and sixth months by means of telephone interviews. Relative to smoking at 6 months, intention, education, and professional advice made independent contributions to cessation. The processes of quitting were examined in more detail. Attempting to quit was related to intention, professional advice, level of smoking, and social cues to smoke. Among those who tried to stop, difficulty with urges to smoke, and education affected success versus failure. Earlier success related to less anxiety and tension, and to less difficulty in not smoking when in negative situations. The findings suggest that a complex set of social and cognitive factors affect change in smoking behavior, and that somewhat different factors are operative at different stages.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb00056.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Green and Mitchell's (1979) model of supervisory responding utilized Kelley's (1972) attributional schema based on informational cues, and variables of ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck (Weiner et al., 1972). The present study provided a direct test of the model, focusing on the relationships between informational cues and attributions, and between attributions and evaluative variables in an organizational context. A matrix of relationships linking informational cues and attributional variables was predicted in the first instance, followed by a multivariate relationship between attributions and evaluational variables. To test the hypotheses, 288 subjects responded to 16 descriptions of subordinate performances, varying in consistency, distinctiveness, consensus, and outcome. The results supported the predicted relationships between informational cues and attributions, and between attributions and evaluation. Use of Weiner's (1985) extended model of attribution, which includes dimensions of controllability and intentionality, substantially improved the predictability of the model, especially for explaining failure outcomes.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb00057.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb00058.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The role of informational social influence in sexual arousal was explored by measuring the effects of normative influence messages on sexual arousal to a nonviolent sexually explicit story in both male and female subjects. The type of message (high versus low arousal), as well as the reference group sex, were varied. The results showed that (a) subjects who received a message that similar others became highly aroused reported a significantly higher level of arousal than subjects who received the opposite message; (b) male subjects reported a significantly higher level of sexual arousal than females; and (c) a normative message from a male reference group had a stronger impact on both male and female subjects than one from the female reference group, indicating that males are perceived as more credible “experts” on matters of sexual responding man females. The study suggests one means by which individuals learn to respond to sexually explicit materi

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb00059.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study investigated the relationship between people's social value orientations and helping behavior. Subjects dassified a priori as either cooperators, individualists, or competitors were mailed a request to volunteer from zero to ten hours of their time to a worthy cause. Subjects were asked to indicate on their response forms the number of hours, if any, that they wished to contribute and to retum these forms using an enclosed self‐addressed envelope regardless of whether they intended to donate any hours. The results revealed that subjects of all three social value orientations were equally likely to comply to the small request to return their response forms. However, the number of hours that subjects contributed differed as a function of their social values. As predicted, cooperators contributed significantly more of their time to the cause than did individualists and competitors. We relate these findings to previous research on social values and helping behavio

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb00060.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY