摘要:

Numerous studies have concluded that the judged probability of conviction for a crime is higher when information concerning a prior conviction is disclosed. This is even more true when the prior and present crimes are the same. This paper examines the argument that the influence of a hypothetical previous conviction on the judgment of predilection toward a hypothetical present crime is a continuous function of the degree of similarity between past and present crimes. The subjects were presented with all possible pairs of 10 crimes, the first being considered as a prior conviction and the second as a presently charged crime. The subjects judged the subjective likelihood that a person convicted of the first crime (C1) would, in fact, he of a mind and inclination to commit the second one (C2). Independent judgments of intercrime, undefined similarity also were obtained. The main experimental findings, as expected, were that the judged probability of C2. given C1, was: (a) greatest when C2 was a repeat of C1; (b) uniquely different for each C1; (c) predicted quite well by degree of intercrime similarity; (d) poorly predicted by crime seriousness values. Thus, the subject appears to make judgments of predilection on the basis of simple representativeness heuristics, which specify that certain crimes will be considered more likely if they are more semantically related to earlier ones. Such a mental device unfortunately would he systematically biased in courtroom settings because judgments of intercrime similarity are not influenced by real‐world probabilitie

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00543.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined the effects of goal choice, strategy choice, and feedback source on goal acceptance, performance, and future self‐set goals. The results were partially consistent with earlier work by Earley and Kanfer (1985) in that goal and strategy choice interacted to affect initial performance and goal acceptance. However, the nature of the performance interaction was not as expected. Results pertaining to future goals and subsequent performance suggested that goal choice was an important determinant of future goals and that feedback, goal choice, and strategy choice interacted to influence subsequent performance. Contrary to expectations, feedback source did not exert a main effect on subsequent performance, goal setting, or perceptions of feedback acceptance and usefulness. Discussion centered on the differential impact of choice on perceptual and behavioral variables and the failure of self‐feedback to significantly affect subsequent goals and performa

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00544.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study examined the relation of attributions for spouse behaviors, attributions for global conjugal conflict, and marital adjustment. The sample consisted of 74 French‐Canadian couples who completed the Marital Attribution Style Questionnaire, the Conflict Rating Scale, and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Results showed that the relation between attribution and marital satisfaction is stable across culture. In addition, specific and general attribution measures were low to moderately correlated. However, multiple regression analyses demonstrated that attributions for global conjugal conflict entered the regression equations more often than attributions for hypothetical spouse behaviors. These findings suggest that the comparability of marital attribution measures should not be taken for granted. The need to develop standardized measures is underline

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00545.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The development of appropriate models of organizational decision making requires a complete determination of the different groups that affect the decision‐making process. The present investigation examines the influence of union officials as a group on internal organizational decisions. The rank and file membership of three local unions (N= 1324) and their first level supervisors (N= 205) were surveyed regarding the perceived influence of five different groups within the organizational hierarchy. A methodology developed by Tannenbaum (1968) and his associates was modified to include lower‐level union representatives as one of five groups who potentially wield influence over organizational decisions. The results of this investigation determined that union representatives are seen as possessing significant levels of influence regarding microlevel organizational decisions. Additional analyses revealed that first‐level supervisors believed that union representatives possessed more influence in organizational decisions than they possessed as a group. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are disc

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00546.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Current fertility patterns and expectations in many countries point to substantial future increases in the proportions of only children. While of undoubted social significance, demographically, will this development also be of social significance. psychologically? An answer was sought through analysis of voting records of members of the United States Congress relative to the number of their siblings: records pertaining to matters of genuine social significance and free of deficiencies characterizing data used in previous enquiries.The analysis clearly supported the null hypothesis that no socially significant behavioral differences exist between adult singletons and nonsingletons: or, as it happens, between those with but one sibling and those with two or more. If we are to become either concerned or pleased about an increase in the proportion of singletons in the population, it will apparently have to be on some grounds other than the existence of socially significant personality differences between such persons and the rest of the population.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00547.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This research investigated the relationship of perceived contraceptive attributes to contraceptive choice. More specifically, the study a) examined what attributes women perceive as important in their choice of a contraceptive method; b) compared women who use the vaginal sponge with women who use oral contraceptives or the diaphragm on perceived importance of attributes; and c) compared sponge users with pill users and diaphragm users on perceived characteristics of three contraceptive methods. Data were collected in telephone interviews from a national sample of 330 current sponge users and 330 women who use other forms of female contraception. Those attributes that were rated highest concerned effectiveness and safety, whereas those that were rated lowest focused on convenience of use and interference with sexual activity. Women differed somewhat by user status on the attributes they believe are important in contraceptive choice, with each group emphasizing those attributes characterizing their own method. Moreover. each user group perceived their own method more favorably than did users of other methods. Perceptions of specific contraceptive methods. particularly the sponge. were more predictive of user status than were general importance ratings.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00548.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY