摘要:

The prevalence of regular smoking increases rapidly during adolescence. We applied modeling methods from the study of epidemic infectious disease to smoking behavior. Our “epidemic” models dealt with the process of transition among four states: nonsmoker (susceptible), trier (exposed), regular smoker (infected), and ex‐smoker (recovered). The best fitting model was one in which the transition from nonsmoker to trier was a social contagion process where nonsmokers contacted either triers or regular smokers. All other transitions were treated as constant rate processes in which a constant proportion of eligible individuals made the transition in a given year. The recursive equation model embodying these assumptions was able to predict accurately the proportion of adolescents in each state in Grades 6–11. Our results support a “stage” model of smoking, suggesting that different psychological and physiological processes are involved in the initiation of smoking than in developing a habit of regular smoking. A possible sex difference was found in the non‐contact transition between trier and smoker states, with the transition being more probable in females

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb01539.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of self‐appraisal problem‐solving ability and oral contraceptive use on ratings of menstrual pain were studied among 130 undergraduate women. Participants completed the Problem‐Solving Inventory (Heppner, 1988) and the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (Moos, 1984). Regression analyses indicated that oral contraceptives–which are often prescribed to relieve menstrual pain among college women–were not predictive of lower pain ratings. Problem‐solving appraisal, however, was significantly predictive of pain. Ratings of effective personal control during problem solving were associated with lower ratings of premenstrual and menstrual pain. Results are discussed as they pertain to the study of psychological factors in menstruation, and to the study of problem solving and behavi

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb01540.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper presents two studies that explore the link between self‐reported conflict management strategies and aggression. It was predicted that conflict strategies involving concern for the needs of the other would be inconsistent with aggressive behavior. On the other hand, conflict strategies that involve coercion and domination were predicted to be positively related to aggressive behavior. Studies using self‐report and behavioral measures of aggression provide support for these predicti

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb01541.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined the relationship of preexisting efficacy for exercise with perceptions of effort expenditure and in‐task affect during exercise testing. Subjects comprised sedentary, middle‐aged adults participating in a submaxi‐mal cycle ergometer‐graded exercise test. Perceptions of efficacy were assessed prior to and following exercise testing while perceptions of effort expenditure and in‐task affect were assessed at 70% of predicted maxim heart rate. Highly efficacious subjects had lower perceptions of effort expenditure and reported more positive affect during exercise than did their less efficacious counterparts. Affective responses during exercise were in turn significant predictors of posttest self‐efficacy. These results are discussed in regard to the importance of examining the role of personal efficacy in the formation of exercise‐related affect and affective responses as sources of efficacy or competence informatio

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb01542.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ratios of one variable over another are frequently used in social psychological research in order to control for a linear relationship between the numerator and the denominator. However, the use of ratio variables can introduce spuriousness into data analyses. This article provides a description and explanation of the problem of spuriousness in ratio correlations and it illustrates this problem with research on restaurant tipping.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb01543.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY