ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01507.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The unremitting conflict between Israel and its neighbors has created a situation that often exposes soldiers to the repeated stress of a number of wars. Studies conducted by the Research Branch of the Mental Health Department in the Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps have focused on the long‐term mental health effects of such trauma. This article brings together the findings of a recent series of studies that examine the effects of both single and repeated exposure to the stress of battle, in terms of: (a) psychiatric breakdowns on the battlefield (Combat Stress Reaction); (b) enduring symptomatology (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder); and (c) the reactivation of previous traumas. Additional findings highlight the transgenerational effects of trauma as evidenced in the susceptibility of offspring of Holocaust survivors to combat stress reaction

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01508.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults following disaster‐precipitated family relocation was investigated in a longitudinal study of family and individual response to natural disasters. Adult participants included 78 women and 77 men in two communities. Psychosocial adjustment was measured at two points in time: at 4 months and 16 months after the disaster. Instruments used for assessing stress‐related symptomatology included the Horowitz Impact of Event Scale (HIES) and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). Major findings included: (a) levels of short‐term stress symptomatology and diagnosable PTSD were substantial in both communities; (b) significant decrements in these levels occurred by 16‐months postdisaster;(c) substantial gender differences (greater levels for women) were apparent in both short‐ and long‐term PTSD response rates; and (d) patterns and levels of PTSD symptoms were different in the two communities. Findings have implications for the interpretation of PTSD within the context of family‐ and community

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01509.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In order to identify cognitive and behavioral responses to trauma, we have studied responses to mass casualty body handling following the Gander, Newfoundland, plane crash of 1985 and the 1989 USS Iowa disaster, and responses to a simulated chemical and biological warfare environment. Individual and group trauma behaviors show prominent: (a) thinking by similarity (identification, and looking for the familiar/ seeing the past in the present); (b) attribution of meaning (rituals, symbols, language, and rumors); and (c) contagion of behavior. These processes highlight the importance of the study of responses to different traumatic stressors in order to identify cognitive mechanisms and behaviors activated by trauma. Such phenomena may be important to our understanding of the effects of traumatic stress and their acute and long‐term health outcome

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01510.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is alleged to be associated with high rates of concurrent psychological disorders. This paper considers the available literature regarding comorbidity in PTSD and reviews in detail the findings to date. This critical evaluation includes studies of clinical samples, veterans community surveys, and population surveys. It also presents new data drawn from 50 PTSD cases assessed at the Boston PTSD Center using a comprehensive, multidimensional diagnostic procedure. The data firmly support the notion that PTSD, regardless of the nature of the trauma, is associated with high rates of other major psychological disorders including substance abuse, major depression, and personality disorders. Despite these findings the issue of cause and effect surrounding comorbidity remains open at this time. More research is needed to determine if exposure to extreme stressors in fact produces the broad spectrum of psychopathology suggested by individuals with PTSD or whether individuals with intrinsic vulnerability are more likely to develop PTSD when exposed to extreme stressors. Implications of the findings from this review are discussed with respect to concepts in diagnosis and comorbidit

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01511.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this paper the authors review the literature on biological and treatment studies of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and present current unifying hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology. The psychophysiological studies stress overarousal, while endocrine studies suggest a decreased Cortisol production in denial and low symptom states with increases in highly symptomatic states. Suggestive evidence is provided that PTSD is associated with permanent changes in brain mechanisms involving the locus coeruleus, amygdala, and the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal axis. Drug treatments are promising but not fully satisfactory as yet. Directions for further research are pro

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01512.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An overview is presented of a pilot psychoendocrine study of PTSD inpatients in comparison with several subgroups of schizophrenic and affective disorder patients. Using a hormonal profile including Cortisol, norepinephrine, epinephrine, testosterone, and thyroxine, it was found that the mean values for the PTSD group were at or near the extreme end of the range for every hormone measured, i.e., relatively low for Cortisol and high for the remaining hormones. The possible clinical meaning of these findings is considered in the light of prior psychoendocrine research on chronic stress. The hormonal alterations in PTSD appear to be persistent and suggest the possibility of being linked largely to traits or character structure, perhaps particularly to cognitive variables related to defense and coping mechanisms, as reviewed in detail for each hormonal system. There appears to be a potential for a fruitful union between the traumatic stress and psychoendocrine fields and some future strategies for developing and strengthening such a union are suggested.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01513.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY