摘要:

This study examined differences in peer‐ascribed sociometric ratings of preadolescent and adolescent students who were, versus who were not, solicited to help someone sell crack cocaine 1 year later. The sample consisted of 3, 838 predominantly Black, urban public‐school students in 6th/7th grade. In the first year, students rated their classmates on 16 psychosocial descriptors; in the next year, students self‐reported their involvement in cocaine trafficking. Discriminant analyses performed separately for males and females indicated that solicited and unsolicited students differed significantly on the 16 sociometric items. Solicited students were more likely to be rated as not friendly, not shy, restless, untrustworthy, disliked by teachers, and not liking school. In addition, solicited male students were judged to be good at sports, liked by classmates, and were not picked on by others. The salience of particular items differed between genders. A longitudinal prediction model correctly predicted 61.88% and 64.30% of male and female students, respectively. However, sensitivity for solicited students was less for females (55.28%) than males (61

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01830.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Research applying information integration theory to jury decision making has long assumed that people average informational scale values when making legal judgments. Although often consistent with research results, this hypothesis has never been tested in a legal context against a more general additive rule. The present paper describes two studies conducted as a critical test between these two models. Incriminating evidence and eyewitness confidence were varied in a full‐factorial, within‐subjects design involving a total of 131 subjects acting as mock jurors. Subject responses included eyewitness accuracy and defendant‐guilt probability estimates, as well as final verdict decisions. Results strongly support an averaging model of legal decision making. Additional results concerning the influence of initial attitudes and the interrelationships between the variables considered are reported and their implications are disc

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01831.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to identify ethnic and gender differences in the types of information Anglo and Hispanic exercisers use in self‐evaluation. University students in exercise classes rated the importance of norm‐referenced and self‐referenced sources used in self‐evaluation of performance. Results showed that males rated norm‐referenced sources as more important to self‐evaluation, while females rated self‐referenced sources as most important. A gender by ethnicity interaction showed that Anglos, especially Anglo males, preferred norm‐referenced sources, while Hispanics preferred self‐referenced sources. Provided with this information, instructors could more effectively motivate exer

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01832.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Non‐Black students (N= 178) completed a questionnaire that permitted tests of hypotheses about the bases of attitudes toward affirmative action plans (AAPs) directed at Blacks. Respondents positively evaluated 5 AAPs (race blind, eliminate discrimination, recruitment, training, proportional hiring) and rejected 2 AAPs (weak and strong preferential treatment). Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that attitudes toward the specific AAPs were entirely mediated by judgments of AAP fairness, but were only partly mediated by perceived threats to personal and collective self‐interest. Attitudes toward the specific AAPs were more strongly related to details of the AAPs than to individual differences or to attitudes toward affirmative action in general. Attitudes toward affirmative action in general varied with self‐interest and racism, but not with belief in the dominant ideology of opport

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01833.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01834.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY