摘要:

The relevance of social psychological theory for understanding the helping relationship from the recipient's perspective and for designing efficient and humane helping systems is examined. Negative feelings associated with seeking or receiving help may occur when recipients feel threatened with loss of freedom (reactance), interpret their help‐seeking as a sign of inadequacy (attribution), or feel uncomfortably indebted (equity). Studies supporting each of these theories, and a program of research which contrasts helper vs. recipient‐initiated assistance, are reviewed. Findings suggest that helper‐initiated aid leads to higher utilization of services and better recipient feelings. These results are interpreted as supporting attribution in contrast to reactance theory concepts. A field study in a welfare setting extends laboratory findings, and shows that current practice which requires welfare recipients to initiate requests for service may effect savings via lowered requests for service at the expense of recipients who really need help but are inhibited from requesti

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb00804.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a field study of helping behavior carried out in 48 “convenience” grocery stores, customers tried to purchase for $1.00 a product clearly labeled as costing from $1.15 to $1.50. Amount of help by white clerks (allowing the purchase for $1.00) varied as a function of sex of customer and race of customer. Black male customers were helped least often. Neither the dress of the customers (casually‐dressed or well‐dressed) nor the racial makeup of the store's clientele was significantly related to helping. Implications of these findings for concepts of same‐race bias and “reverse discrimination” in helping

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb00805.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This experiment investigated the effects of sex‐biased language in job advertisements on subjects' reported interest in applying for the advertised positions. Booklets containing 12 advertisments, 4 experimental and 8 control, were distributed to 176 high school seniors. The four experimental advertisements varied across three experimental conditions: sex‐biased, sex‐unbiased, and sex‐reversed. Results ofX2analyses indicate that significantly more subjects express interest in applying for stereotypically “opposite sex” jobs in the sex‐reversed condition than in the sex‐biased condition. These findings support previous research by Bem and Bem (1973) and have implications for affirmative

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb00806.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A recent study by Pheterson, Kiesler, and Goldberg (1971) has been cited many times as providing evidence that women underrate the work of other women. Close examination of their results, however, revealed a number of ambiguities. The present study modified and extended their design in an attempt to describe the nature of sex biases more clearly. Students read and responded to descriptions of seminars which they expected to have an opportunity to attend. Independent variables included sex of student, sex of seminar leader, and type of seminar topic (female‐oriented, male‐oriented, or neutral). Analysis of the results revealed an interaction of leader expertise, leader sex, and student sex on the major dependent measures. Women indeed underrated the accomplishments of other women relative to those of other men if the other's competence had not been demonstrated, while males' evaluations were not affected by the sex of the target person.Female college students … rated paintings attributed to male art contest entrants more favorably than the identical paintings attributed to female entrants. However, when the subjects were told that the artists had been awarded prizes, they rated men and women equally.The presumed sex of the artist had no bearing on the subjects' judgments in judging paintings represented as prize winners, but when the paintings were represented as show entries, the subjects rated them higher if they thought the artists wer

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb00807.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined the relationship of three variables to verdict confidence in an experimental simulation of the jury deliberation process. The three variables were: sex of juror, verdict (guilty or innocent), and the similarity or dissimilarity between juror and confederate verdicts (congruence or incongruence). The subjects were 35 male and 37 female college students. They deliberated in groups containing a male confederate who role‐played an obnoxious anti‐White or anti‐Black juror. Results indicated that before deliberation, male and guilt verdict jurors were more confident than females and innocent verdict jurors. After deliberation, however, sex differences in verdict confidence were absent while innocent verdicts jurors were more confident than guilt verdict jurors. Most important, as predicted from Heider's Balance Theory, males who deliberated with a confederate whose verdict was congruent with theirs' became less confident in their verdicts. Unexpectedly, females became more confident. The study's major hypothesis, then, that it may be advantageous for the defense to accept a juror who zealously advocates a guilty verdict, was only supported for

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb00808.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Psychophysical scales for seriousness of crime and severity of punishment were developed to aid in investigating the Eighth Amendment issue of whether the death penalty is “cruel and unusual” punishment. Using indirect crossmodality matching techniques with a quota sample of the Boston SMSA, satisfactory scales were obtained for both dimensions with most items in both scales concentrated toward the serious/severe end as planned. Further, specific case vignettes in which experimental variations were embedded were also developed; psychophysical lines production judgments for these specific cases indicated that quite complex social stimuli can be successfully judged psychophysically. Results indicated that (1) capital and noncapital offenses are thoroughly intermingled in seriousness ratings; (2) the death penalty is not rated as significantly more severe than life imprisonment without parole; (3) respondents assign the death penalty relatively rarely even to serious offenses, and then in a manner not particularly in line with capital statutes; and (4) respondents' weighing of extra‐legal and legally relevant aspects of capital cases is inconsistent with current statutes. These results suggest multiple ways in which capital punishment could be defined as “cruel”, and strongly suggest the need for further research and through about

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb00809.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three experiments were conducted to test a model of attributional bias in counseling diagnosis. The model predicted that (a) available helping resources influence diagnostic attributions and (b) this effect is mediated by the effect resources have on the diagnostician's perception of his or her helping role. In each experiment, undergraduates served as diagnosticians in a simulated referral agency. Referral resouces for half of the subjects were oriented toward dealing with personal problems; resources for the other half were oriented toward dealing with situational problems. In referring each client, subjects indicated whether they perceived the problem to lie with the client (a dispositional atrribution) or with his social environment (a situational attribution). As predicted, subjects with person‐oriented resources were more likely to perceive clients' problems to be dispositional than were subjects with situation‐oriented resources. Results of Experiment 3 indicated that this effect was mediated by the influences resources had on subjects' perception of their helping r

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb00810.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY