摘要:

This study investigated the effect of television food commercials on children's self‐control within a resistance to temptation paradigm. Commercial type, food stimulus type, and the child's sex provided the three independent variables in a 4 × 4 × 2 factorial design. Behavioral and self‐report indices of temptation and control were measured. Children were significantly more tempted to transgress for the low‐nutrition food, regardless of the commercial shown. Sex differences in reported degree of temptation were found. However, the television commercials did not affect the children's latency to tra

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01211.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Leader evaluations of four types of followers, providing either positive or negative feedback with either high or low task activity, were studied. Forty‐six subjects, 20 female and 26 male, were randomly placed in the appointed or elected conditions of leader legitimacy and told they were leading four same‐sex followers in a group problem‐solving task. The dependent measure was a score made up of their semantic differential ratings of each follower. A three‐way interaction indicated that elected and appointed leaders responded differentially to high and low activity followers under the negative feedback condition, but similarly under the positive feedback condition. In addition, a main effect showed that elected leaders were generally more positive than appointed leaders in judgments of their followers. The results were interpreted within a social exchange perspective on leader‐follower

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01212.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This research explored the correlates and dimensionality of judgments of crimes varying widely in seriousness, and the structure of their mental representation. In Experiment 1, 27 crimes were judged independently along 12 scales. A principal‐factors analysis of interscale correlations yielded a major factor of evaluation, best defined by scales of seriousness, moral wrongfulness, and severity of deserved punishment. Judgments concerning perceptions of probability of conviction, punishment given, likelihood of physical harm, offender dangerousness, and degree of understanding also loaded on the evaluation factor. The second factor was Frequency of Occurrence. The results were generally stable at the local levels of person crimes and nonperson crimes. In Experiment 2 crime stimuli were subjected to pairwise similarity judgments that were analyzed using the Kruskal‐Shepard MDSCAL and Sattath‐Tversky ADDTREE procedures. MDSCAL yielded an interpretable two‐dimensional representation and permitted approximate recovery of the seriousness ordering of crimes. The ADDTREE solution yielded two major partitionings, of person versus nonperson crimes, and several psychologically significant nested subsets clustered within each partition. The two psychometric outcomes were congruent. The overall results confirm a primary dimension of evaluation/seriousness. Implications for research in criminology and the comparative merits of similarity judgments versus single‐scale seriousness ratings of crimes are

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01213.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study assessed the effect of commitment to an earlier mugshot identification on the ability to make a subsequent lineup identification. Shortly after viewing videotape of a staged assault some subjects rated a group of 18 photos for attractiveness, whereas other subjects attempted to identify the assailant publicly or privately in the same (target‐absent) set of 18 “mugshot” photos. The remaining subjects had no intervening task. Two days later, all subjects attempted to identify the assailant from a six‐person target‐present photo lineup which contained their mugshot choice (if made) as well as the original assailant. Lineup identifications were significantly less accurate for subjects who had viewed the intervening mugshots (33% accuracy) than those who had only rated the intervening photos for attractiveness (64% accuracy) or had seen no intervening photos (69% accuracy). When viewing lineups, experimental subjects tended to remain committed to their earlier action of choosing or not choosing anyone from the mugshots. More witnesses who had publicly stated their mugshot choice reproduced their (incorrect) choice at the lineup (78%), than did those who made a private mugshot choice (45%), though this difference was not statistically reliable. Witnesses' confidence in their lineup decision was not significantly related to overall accuracy. Contrary to predictions from self‐perception theory, confidence in one's decision decreased significantly as further identifications wer

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01214.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Undergraduate subjects read descriptions of two armed robbery cases that varied in the degree to which physical and circumstantial evidence alone would evoke a judgment of guilt. The effect on such judgments of the addition of an eyewitness identifying the defendant, and the effect of discrediting such eyewitness testimony were studied, along with the effects of altering the evidentiary standard (reasonable doubt or preponderance of the evidence), in both between‐ and within‐subjects designs. The different cases, the different conditions of testimony, and the different standards of proof had large effects on judgment. Testimony discrediting an eyewitness was fully effective in lowering the rate of guilt judgments, regardless of the strength of the physical and circumstantial evidence, the standard of proof, or whether or not subjects made serial judgments after reading successive increments to the summar

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01215.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sixty male and 60 female subjects previously classified as high and low on a residential crowding experience scale participated in an experiment involving a 2 × 3 × 2 × 2 (density, noise, crowding experience, gender) factorial design. The research was undertaken primarily to determine the influence of previous residential crowding experience as tapped by the Crowding Experience Scale (CES) on reactivity to the environmental stressors of noise and crowding. The results indicated that exposure to environmental stressors produced a deleterious effect on complex task performance and generated negative affect in the respondents. Interestingly, respondents who had reported high levels of experience with crowding showed relatively more crowding tolerance by performing significantly better on cognitively complex tasks (complex anagrams and story comprehension) and exhibiting more positive affect in conditions of high density as compared to low experience of crowding respondents. Reactions to noise were not influenced by crowding experience. Thus, prior experience of crowding as measured by the CES appears to influence reactivity to density in other settin

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01216.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY