摘要:

An important aspect of conflict resolution by judgment of a third party is the extent to which participants and observers are satisfied that both the procedure and the outcome are fair and impartial. Male undergraduates participated in a business simulation, which resulted in a controversy placing them in the position of defendants in a trial. An examination was then made of the effects of adversary and nonadversary procedures, prior belief about guilt, and favorableness of the judgment on participant subjects’perceptions of the adjudication. Another group of subjects who had no prior information about the guilt or innocence of the defendent served as observers. Participant subjects viewed the adversary procedure as most fair and satisfying. They were also most satisfied with judgments resulting from the adversary procedure, independently of pretrial belief or favorableness of verdict. Participants also preferred innocent to guilty verdicts, regardless of their pretrial belief. Subjects who held a pretrial belief of innocence were particularly dissatisfied with guilty verdicts and with the nonadversary trial procedure. Observers also found the adversary procedure to be most fair, and expressed a preference for innocent verdict

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1974.tb02601.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a single‐session tutoring situation, a sixth‐grade tutor taught a concept‐formation task to a third‐grade tutee. Over the series of trials, performance of the tutee was controlled to create differential patterns of success and failure on the task: success‐success, failure‐failure, success‐failure, and failure‐success. Results showed that sequence of performance exerted a strong impact on the tutor's attributions of ability and affective responses concerning the tutee. The tutee's initial performance had greater impact on the tutor's reactions than later performance, indicating a strong primacy effect. Differential performance by the tutee did not affect the tutor's evaluation of his own t

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1974.tb02602.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A study was conducted to investigate evaluations of experimenters as a function of their sex and competency. It was hypothesized that (a) competent male and female experimenters would be evaluated as equal in competence, but that females acting incompetently would be judged as less competent than would males who were also acting incompetently and (b) competent females would be judged as less feminine relative to incompetent females; whereas incompetent females would be judged as extremely feminine. Undergraduate males and females viewed videotapes of male or female experimenters acting either competently or incompetently and then rated these experimenters on a 20‐item semantic differential scale. It was found that when the female experimenters unambiguously displayed competence, they were judged as of equal competence to male experimenters acting in a similar manner; in the incompetent condition, however, female experimenters were judged as less competent than male experimenters. Competent females were perceived as less feminine than incompetent females; incompetent females were perceived as more feminine than females in any other experimenter condition. It was postulated that these findings were due to (a) subjects’expecting incompetency of women and (b) subjects’equating competence with the masculine role and incompetence with the feminine

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1974.tb02603.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To examine the effects of masculine participation in occupations typically performed by women, 200 subjects rated the prestige and desirability of five occupations following information that proportions of male practitioners would increase or remain constant Findings showed that increased participation by men increased the prestige and desirability of all occupations. Ratings on 12 bipolar adjective scales from the semantic differential showed that increases in prestige and desirability were accompanied by attributions of increased activity, security, usefulness, success, and wealth to occupations admitting additional men.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1974.tb02604.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

One hundred and forty college students, in either (a) 2‐minute time‐limit or (b) a no‐time‐limit condition, voted their conscience on actual pending legislation in their state in a test of hypothesis that such time limits in the voting booth created a stimulus overload situation. Such a situation was expected to result in dysfunctional adaptation responses, with unintended effects on voting patterns. Results indicated that subjects in the time stress condition voted significantly more conservatively on these issues. This conservative shift is interpreted as a function of overload, with serious political implications for urban planners, whose response to increasing population density often has been to increase the tempo by which citizens are processed through the cities’institutional and social

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1974.tb02605.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The majority of systematic research on nonverbal behavior has used white college students as subjects. The present investigation examined both white and black subjects’nonverbal behavior and also independently varied the race of the person with whom the subject interacted. The experimental setting was an actual employment interview. Twenty black and 20 white female undergraduates were individually interviewed by either a black or white male interviewer. White subjects tended to maintain more visual interaction with interviewers of both races than did black subjects. Moreover, black interviewers were visually interacted with less, and given shorter glances. Racial, in contrast to nonracial, questions elicited longer glances; and subjects hesitated longer before answering the

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1974.tb02606.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A sample of workers rated the members of 20 selected occupations in terms of their perceived competence, altruism, truthfulness, and power. A comparison sample of college students rated these occupations on the same dimensions and on status. The results generally supported Rotter and Stein's argument that members of the general public have stable beliefs concerning the characteristics of members of different occupations, but not their contention that members of the more powerful occupations are seen more negatively than members of less powerful positions. The data also indicated that the attitudinal ratings of the occupations were affected by individual differences in locus‐of‐control orientation, with externally oriented people rating more of the members of the occupations more unfavorably than ones with internal orientati

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1974.tb02607.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two studies examined the models of female achievement available to television viewers. The studies surveyed television's portrayal of both achievement behavior and its social consequences for the female achiever. Study I compared female models at four levels of achievement. Only those models at the lowest level of achievement were depicted as having successful social relations with males. Study II compared the marital status of male and female job holders. Compared with male job holders, females were depicted as less likely to be married, less likely to be successfully married, and more likely to be unsuccessfully married. Data on married females showed that those who held jobs were depicted as having 10 times as many unsuccessful marriages (proportionately) as housewives. It is suggested that female achievers portrayed on television are depicted in a way that does not encourage female viewers to imitate their behavior and in fact serves to inhibit achievement‐oriented behavior in female viewer

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1974.tb02608.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examines factors that influence the severity of discipline administered to a subordinate information gatekeeper who is guilty of covering up an event and concealing and distorting information. Undergraduate business students read one of eight versions of a case depicting faulty upward communication, in which three variables‐the superior‐subordinate dependency relationship, the subordinate's motivation, and the subordinate's remorse‐were manipulated. Unethicality of the offense was evaluated to be quite high across all experimental conditions, yet mild discipline was recommended when the superior was highly dependent on his subordinate and when the subordinate acted out of altruism for his superior. Probability of reoccurrence of the infraction was judged lowest when the offending subordinate displayed remorse. These findings are interpreted as representing a pragmatic orientation toward discipline based on perceived costs or benefits to the administrator. Conditions that increase the vulnerability of decision‐makers to faulty upward communication are di

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1974.tb02609.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY