摘要:

Recent research indicates that type of occupation is a major basis for evaluating the fairness of earnings. The present paper reports the results of a research investigating which of the characteristics of occupations serve as bases of pay‐equity evaluations, and whether there is a measure of consensus in regard to these bases. Major prevalent theoretical perspectives, such as equity theory and status value theory, served as bases for formulating and testing a series of hypotheses. The findings, based on a cross‐sectional city sample of 222 employed individuals in Israel, show that pay‐equity evaluations of occupations are based on a consensual frame of reference. The major bases of such evaluations were found to be occupational prestige and certain contributive inputs such as the amount of vocational training and the physical demands required of the incumbents' occupa

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01183.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Social psychologists have become increasingly involved in undertaking process analyses concerning health threatening behaviors such as smoking. Certain problems in conducting such process analyses have been identified. Among these are those problems which stem from the failure to distinguish descriptive (e.g., number of smoking peers) from mediating process (e.g., perceived peer pressure) variables. For instructional purposes, the present paper examines this distinction within the context of the process underlying smoking initiation. After presenting these issues conceptually, data obtained from a sample of junior and senior high school students (n= 395) is used in an attempt to illustrate this distinction and the problems in interpretation that may follow from the failure to make it. Recommendations are made regarding possible solutions.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01184.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of morning, rush hour commuting were examined in a quasi‐experimental field study involving government‐employed commuters (single and carpool drivers). Commuting stress was measured as a response to variations in how difficult it was for commuters to move from home to work. The mediation of these effects by two sources of control in the commuting situation also were assessed. Control was operationalized as control over the internal environment of the car (single versus carpool driver) and choice over routes taken to get to work. Among commuters with a high impedance route, driving to work was associated with significant increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and decreases in behavioral performance. The stress of commuting under high impedance conditions was reduced for single drivers relative to carpoolers. Under similar conditions of high impedance, however, having the option to select more than one route to get to work seemed to be more stressful than having only one route. The practical implications of these results are discus

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01185.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two studies investigated methodological issues arising from the use of the Fishbein‐Ajzen expectancy‐value model of attitudes. Different expectancy‐value models— based on manipulations of scoring procedure (bi‐polar vs. uni‐polar scoring of beliefs) and combinatorial rule (multiplication vs. addition of value and expectancy components) ‐were explicitly compared. Although they used different attitudinal items and samples, both studies obtained significantly lower correlations with overall attitude by using the multiplicative/bi‐polar belief model than by using multiplicative/uni‐polar belief and additive models. Linear transformations of the belief component had a dramatic effect on the multiplicative model, but had no impact on the additive model. The findings are discussed in terms of their practical and theor

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01186.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Using a method similar to that of Brigham, Maass, Snyder, and Spaudling (1982), 86 adult convenience store clerks were asked to identify 3 confederate/customers, one Anglo‐American, one black‐American, and one Mexican‐American who had visited their stores 2 hours earlier. Wilcoxon matched pairs signed‐rank test showed that clerks were superior at identifying customers of their own racial or ethnic group,Z= 2.84,p<.002. For clerks who made an identification, the correlation between the recognition accuracy and confidence in their identification was not significant,rpbis(56)= .05. The results of this field study paralleled those found in most laboratory experiments of cross‐racial/ethnic identification and demonstrated that Mexican‐Americans are subject to the own/other groups identification accuracy phenome

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01187.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Volunteers and nonvolunteers have generally been compared on demographic and personality data. Little research is available on attitudinal differences between these groups. As part of a large study on commitment to the police department, 215 officers were asked to participate in a two‐stage study. The first stage asked subjects to complete a large questionnaire that included a moral commitment scale and a calculative commitment scale. In order to analyze future behavior, participants were asked to supply their ID number. Results showed that volunteers were more committed than nonvolunteers, particularly on an identification with the organization factor. Some implications of the findings, as well as supportive data, are discusse

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01188.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY