摘要:

This study investigated the extent to which law enforcement (LE) officials' perceptions of criminality are biased by the chronic nature of, and the racial and Socioeconomic status (SES) features of, their cognitive schemas of the typical criminal. One‐hundred twenty undergraduate psychology students and 121 LE officers participated in this study. Part 1 of this study hypothesized that a chronic criminal schema used by LE would result in LE subjects perceiving criminality in ambiguous situations. Contrary to the hypothesis, laypersons were more likely to view an ambiguous situation as criminal than were LE subjects. Part 2 of this study hypothesized that when exposed to the actions of a Black and/or lower SES criminal suspect, LE subjects would perceive more guilt, perceive more deceptiveness, place less value on exculpatory information, and place more value on incriminating information than would students. The results supported this second hypothesis with regard to race, but not SE

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01840.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The employment interview context is broad and multifaceted, and it includes a number of social, situational, and affective influences which generate from the interviewee, interviewer, nature of the job in question, and interactions among these factors. The employment interview is proposed to be influenced by nonverbal and self‐promotion behaviors of the applicant, interviewer training, and the requirements of the job. These variables then influence the intermediate variables of applicant similarity to the interviewer, perceived competence of the applicant, and interviewer affect toward the applicant. The intermediate variables then influence the perceived job suitability of the applicant. The present study tested and found support for modeling the employment interview context and how it affects interviewer decisions. The contributions and limitations of the present study are discussed, in addition to directions for future researc

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01841.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Research has shown that greater degrees of sunshine experienced directly are associated with greater amounts of compliance and tipping. This paper describes two studies that investigated beliefs about sunshine and tipping. The studies were conducted at a casino hotel in Atlantic City; a male server who delivered food and drinks to guests' rooms acted as the confederate. In Study 1, the server reported to guests the actual sky conditions: sunny, partly sunny, cloudy, or rainy. Tip percentages increased linearly from the worst to the best conditions. Study 2 used an experimental design. The server informed guests that the weather was either warm and sunny, cold and sunny, warm and rainy, or cold and rainy. Guests were gullible because their rooms shielded them from the actual conditions. Belief in sunny skies produced greater tip percentages. The temperature belief manipulation had no effect. This research extended previous research by showing that beliefs about weather, in addition to actual weather, can affect behavior.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01842.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Majority group perceptions regarding the relative frequency of crimes committed by various races and ethnic groups were examined. White‐collar crimes such as embezzlement and fraud were ranked as more common for White criminals, and blue‐collar crimes such as aggravated assault and motor vehicle theft were ranked as more common for Black criminals. Perceptions were subsequently compared with data from the Uniform Crime Reports for the U.S. (U.S. Department of Justice, 1992). As a function of overestimating the number of white‐collar crimes and underestimating the number of blue‐collar and violent crimes committed by Whites, majority group subjects held somewhat more accurate perceptions of minority groups than of their ow

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01843.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Youthful smokers have been described as extroverted and peer‐involved, whereas older smokers are often characterized as depressed and withdrawn. Recognizing this contradiction, we examined cross‐sectional and prospective associations between smoking and personality and social constructs assessed every 4 years in a sample (N= 461) originally recruited in junior high school. At Time 1, smoking was positively related to good social relations, extroversion, friends' cigarette use, and cheerfulness. At Times 2–4, smoking was positively related to depression and friends' cigarette use, negatively correlated with good Social Relations, and unrelated to extroversion. Cigarette use was stable over time, but least stable between Times 1 and 2. Findings suggest the instability of early social smoking with peers; those who persist may smoke for tension reduction and self‐med

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01844.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY