摘要:

The present study examined job function and sex differences in perceptions of the physical and social work environment and the relationship of the work environment to work perceptions and attitudes when function and sex are controlled. Research indicated that job function, but not sex, was related to environment perceptions for 426 employees in a state government agency. The social environment also emerged as a significant predictor of work involvement, trust, and satisfaction. Significant interactions between job function and environment indicated that the social environment was negatively related and the physical environment positively related to work perceptions for managerial employees. The reverse was found for employees in other job functions.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb00013.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Conformity to group pressure is widely considered a prime factor in experimentation with cigarettes. An alternative assumption is that the temptation to smoke arises out of the belief that cigarettes are instrumental in enhancing a sense of maturity, affiliation, and a reputation for autonomy. The present research assessed the relative saliency for both motive fulfillment and social pressure hypotheses in temptation dynamics and traced the causal influence of these factors on future expectations to smoke. Some 5,600 sixth, eighth and tenth graders rated the temptation value of four situations for smoking, varied along two dimensions: the composition of the group and the presence or absence of reasons that might minimize personal responsibility for smoking. Solitary smoking was a fifth situation. Between‐group analyses confirmed that smoking history of the individual (e.g., nonsmokers), grade level, and type of tempting situation all exerted a significant impact on perceived peer pressure, on temptation level, and on behavioral expectancy to smoke. However, beliefs about the instrumentality of cigarettes for reducing tension and enhancing a reputation for maturity and autonomy overshadowed peer pressure as causal agents for both temptation level and expectations. Moreover, instrumental beliefs were differentially salient in this temptation/expectancy dynamic, depending on the individual's smoking history. Finally, the causal saliency of instrumental beliefs differed, depending on whether temptation arose in solitary or group situations. The implications of these findings for adolescent smoking prevention and cessation strategies were considere

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb00014.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A longitudinal study was conducted in two neighborhoods in Raleigh, North Carolina, which were matched on demographic characteristics. During this period, a neighborhood directory appeared in one of the neighborhoods that provided personal information about each of the households listed as well as a listing of skills and equipment that residents were interested in exchanging with neighbors. The results showed a small, nonsignificant, increase in the level of general help exchange in the Directory neighborhood and a utilization rate of 14%, that is, 14% of the residents used the directory to seek assistance from a neighbor or offer assistance to a neighbor. There were no changes in the level of acquaintance with neighbors and satisfaction with other neighbors and the neighborhood, but there was an unexpected decline in the level of involvement in neighborhood activities. No changes in these areas were observed in the matching control neighborhood. Across both neighborhoods, residents who showed higher levels of help exchange with neighbors were better acquainted with their neighbors, more involved in the neighborhood, younger, better educated, and more likely to be married. The results are discussed in terms of recent research and theory on neighborliness and mutual aid between neighbors.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb00015.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Studies of the reliability of eyewitness identification show that such testimony may frequently be inaccurate; because of this inherent unreliability, the law has established certain safeguards to the use of eyewitness evidence. One safeguard has been the development of an instruction that a judge may use to focus jurors' attention on the eyewitness issue. The effectiveness of this instruction has never been assessed, although other studies confirm that jurors frequently misunderstand or incorrectly use instructions they get from the judge. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate comprehension of this instruction in the context of a videotaped trial and to develop a simplified instruction that would be easier for jurors to understand. Compared to jurors who heard the existing instruction, those with the revised version were more knowledgeable of the factors to consider when listening to eyewitness testimony and were less likely to convict the defendant. A sample of superior court judges in the U.S. thought the simplified instruction was more effective than the existing version at conveying the intended legal concepts to the jury, but also rated it as more strongly biased toward the defense.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb00016.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present research was designed to extend our knowledge of fear appeals and attitude change in two directions. The first purpose was to compare a traditional negative, or fear, appeal to its counterpart, an appeal emphasizing the positive consequences of accepting a communicator's recommendation. The second purpose was to test the assumption of the theory of protection motivation that people are motivated to protect themselves from psychological and social, as well as physical, threats. The results disclosed that, compared to a no‐message control condition, the traditional negative appeal to health was more persuasive than the positive appeal. A positive appeal to self‐esteem, however, was superior to a negative appeal to self‐esteem. Several implications for health psychology were discussed. First, the traditional negative appeals to health may be more persuasive than positive appeals. Second, people may be persuaded to adopt healthy lifestyles for reasons other than health per se (i.e., to enhance self‐esteem). The following tentative conclusions were based on unexpected findings and should be interpreted with caution. The decision to use a positive or negative appeal should consider the number of available adaptive responses. Finally, the data suggested that mass media health campaigns should use both negative and positive

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb00017.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY