摘要:

Two studies were conducted to investigate the effects of perceived control in two men's prisons, one housing 181 inmates and the other housing 623 inmates. In both prisons, inmates' perceived control over the environment was found to be significantly related to their ratings of their living accommodations, experienced stress, and physical symptoms, even when type of cell was held constant.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01147.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A review of the theory and research concerning factors affecting persuasion suggested the hypothesis that eyewitness confidence is an important factor in jurors' perceptions of the witness' credibility. Three experiments were conducted using mock jurors to test this hypothesis. Experiment I found that perceptions of credibility varied as a function of witness confidence. Experiment 2 found that perceptions of the accuracy of the witness' description and identification of the suspect varied as a function of her expertise, whereas perceptions of the accuracy of her account of the crime varied as a function of her confidence. Perceived expertise also varied as a function of witness confidence. Because Experiments 1 and 2 used college students as subjects, Experiment 3 was conducted to replicate these findings in an older subject sample. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01148.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Trait attributions concerning able‐bodied college students and those with a physical disability were investigated in two studies. In Study 1, 194 able‐bodied students completed extensive adjective checklists in one of four experimental conditions: stimulus person physically disabled (wheelchair user) male, disabled female, able‐bodied male, or able‐bodied female college student. To avoid self‐presentation biases, subjects completed checklists not in terms of their own views but in terms of commonly held stereotypes. Results showed that not only were fewer socially desirable and more undesirable traits attributed to students with a disability than to able‐bodied students, but when tested for “sameness” vs. “oppositeness” using two circumplex models, traits attributed to students who have a disability were clearly the “opposite” of those attributed to able‐bodied students. In Study 2, 115 students completed a trait checklist based on the findings of Study 1 with reference to one of the four stimulus persons. Although subjects reported their own views, the results were consistent with those of Study 1. It was also found that stereotyping in the socially desirable direction was related to stereotyping in the undesirable direction; both were related to lack of ease with students with a disability. Common stereotypes of wheelchair user students are listed and the implications of the findings for the design of programs to reduce prejudice and integrate students with a disability into ac

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01149.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The effects of the perceived accuracy of attributions of self blame and chance blame were examined in the context of health care. Health practitioners (N= 147) rated interviews in which patients made self‐or chance‐blaming attributions for diseases with high (heart attack, stroke), or low (cancer, arthritis) life‐style involvement, or acidental injuries. Three discriminant analyses yieldedp<.001. Self‐blaming heart and stroke patients were rated as coping better and acting more appropriately and typically than chance blamers. Other self blamers were rated as more depressed, poorly adjusted, coping poorly, not accepting disability, needing counselling and information. Additionally, self‐blaming accident victims were judged as more dependent, less likeable, and having poorer prognoses than chance blamers. Realistic self blame for life‐style diseases did not lead to victimization, but other self‐blaming patients were stigmatized and the adaptiveness of self blame as a coping strategy was

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01150.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Wells and Lindsay (1983) proposed that juror belief of eyewitness testimony was influenced by various types of information. Four mock‐jury experiments were conducted to test hypotheses derived from their metamemory analysis. In Experiment 1, 288 subjects read brief “transcripts” of a purse‐snatching trial in which 0, 1, or 2 eyewitnesses testified for each of the prosecution and/or the defense. Consistent with the hypothesis that inter‐subjective agreement (consensus among witnesses) was important, guilty verdicts were most likely in the presence of unopposed prosecution eyewitnesses and least likely in the presence of unopposed defense eyewitnesses. Experiment 2 employed 75 subjects viewing a videotaped trial simulation and replicated the findings from the first experiment as well as demonstrating that the nature of the defense witness' testimony (a no identification decision vs. alibi) was unimportant but the person providing an alibi was important (stranger vs. relative). In Experiment 3,60 subjects listened to an audiotaped trial procedure varying the internal consistency of the witness' testimony. Inconsistent testimony failed to reduce belief of the eyewitness as reflected in guilty votes. The fourth experiment exposed 60 subjects to audiotapes of a burglary trial varying lighting conditions and length of exposure of the criminal to the eyewitness. Neither variable significantly influenced belief of the eyewitness. Explanations for the failure to obtain significant effects in the latter two experiments and possible directions for further research are

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01151.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY