摘要:

This paper reports a study of perceptions of the prevalence of certain driving errors and violations in a large (N= 1,656) sample of drivers. In keeping with previous research on perceptions of social consensus, it was predicted that (a) drivers who reported that they themselves regularly commit these errors and violations would make larger estimates of the percentage of other road users who regularly engage in these behaviors, by comparison with drivers who reported that they do not regularly commit these errors and violations; (b) comparison of estimates of social consensus for own behavior with the actual numbers of respondents reporting that they did or did not engage in these behaviors would show that those who do commit the behaviors regularly would overestimate consensus for their position, while those who do not commit the behaviors regularly would underestimate consensus for their position; and (c) these tendencies to overestimate or underestimate actual consensus for own position would be correlated with the perceived offensiveness to others of the behavior concerned, such that departures from actual consensus would be greater for behaviors rated as more offensive. The results provide strong support for the first two predictions but none for the third; indeed, the degree of over‐ or underestimation tended to be inversely related to offensiveness. In addition, there were unanticipated but highly consistent sex and age differences in perceptions of the prevalence of the target behaviors, with female and younger respondents making higher estimates than male and older respondents, respectively. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discusse

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00987.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This research investigates the hypothesis that perceptions of cult indoctrination techniques are based on negative schematic representations as opposed to objective evaluations. It is specifically suggested that individuals who are asked to evaluate cult indoctrination techniques are anchoring their judgments on the group label in contrast to the process being employed. Subjects were asked to read a description of a young man who joins a group and is exposed to its indoctrination process. Depending on the condition, subjects were led to believe that the group was either the Moonies, the Marines, or the Catholic Church. Except for the group label, in all three conditions the description of the indoctrination process was identical. Subjects were then asked to evaluate both the group's indoctrination techniques and the individual who joined the group, and to complete a questionnaire regarding their general knowledge of cults. Results indicate that subject ratings are significantly affected by the group label and that general knowledge regarding cults is based primarily on indirect sources. Implications of these findings are discussed.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00988.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A theory of the interaction of perceptions of conflict and dispositional tendencies on individual creativity is presented and tested. It is argued that there are two broad classes of people: those who are primarily socially oriented and those who are primarily instrumentally oriented. Further, on tasks that match their orientation, individuals are proposed to generally adhere to patterns and strategies that experience has taught them are most likely to work. This should mitigate against creativity. On tasks outside of their area of specialization, however, individuals are typically expected to be more random in their thinking, which should promote creativity. Perceived conflict is argued to lead to a reversal of this pattern, however. That is, perceptions of conflict were expected to promote creativity on tasks within, and reduce it on tasks outside of, individuals area of primary interest. These ideas were tested in two studies, one with university employees and one with minority students. The results of both studies generally supported the theory.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00989.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two experimental studies used the hypothetical situation of a pregnant woman (the stimulus person) considering the possibility of an abortion and obtained from Bombay college students estimates of the likelihood of an abortion and their own recommendations in favor of abortion. The first study had a 2 (subject's sex) × 2 (reason for abortion: unplanned child vs. female child) × 2 (person more in favor of abortion: stimulus person vs. her husband) × 3 (stimulus person's socioeconomic status: upper, middle, or lower class) factorial design with 15 subjects per cell. Male subjects indicated greater likelihood of abortion than female subjects. Recommendations were stronger for the unplanned rather than female child and for the lower class rather than upper and middle class stimulus persons. The second study had a 2 (subject's sex) × 3 (reason for abortion: unplanned marital pregnancy, premarital pregnancy, or rape pregnancy) × 3 (stimulus person's socioeconomic status: upper, middle, or lower class) factorial design with 15 subjects per cell. Perceived likelihood and strength of recommendation were highest for rape pregnancy followed by premarital pregnancy and marital pregnancy in that order. The interactions in this study suggested a greater vulnerability of the middle class as compared to the other two classes with respect to sexual mora

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00990.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined the effect of the squad commander's ethnic origin on subordinates' interethnic attitudes. Thirty squads of recruits, serving in the Israeli army, took part in the study. Seventeen of the squad commanders were of Middle Eastern origin, and 13 of Western origin. Each squad contained both Middle Eastern and Western soldiers. Toward the end of the basic training, subjects responded to a series of questionnaires assessing their willingness to share various activities with both squad members and soldiers they did not know, as well as their evaluation of them.The results show‐ that those serving under a Western commander displayed more willingness to interact with Western than with Middle Eastern others. Subjects serving under a Western commander also evaluated more positively Western than Middle Eastern non‐familiar soldiers. Those serving under a Middle Eastern commander displayed more willingness to share activities with Middle Eastern than with Western non familiar soldiers. They also evaluated nonfamiliar soldiers from Middle Eastern origins more positively than Western soldiers. The discussion focuses on the distinction between familiar and non familiar targets, and the role of “equal‐status hypothesis” and “expectation sta

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00991.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY