摘要:

This influence of prolongea isolation in an extreme environment on depressive symptoms, personality, and coping resources was examined in 121 members of the United States Antarctic Program in 1988–1989. Subjects were followed for a 1‐year period in Antarctica. Winter‐over personnel experienced an increase in depressive symptoms, avoidance as a coping method, and emotional discharge as a coping resource from baseline (T0) to Year‐1 (T1). At T0, education, negative life events, job‐related stress, low self‐confidence, active cognitive and behavioral coping methods, and low satisfaction with social support were independent predictors of depressive symptoms. At T1, negative life events, low self‐confidence, active behavioral and avoidance coping methods, affective regulation as a coping resource, and low satisfaction with social support were independent predictors of depressive symptoms. However, with the exception of T0depressive symptoms, none of the social and demographic characteristics and T0psychosocial measures predicted T1depressive symptoms. The results of this study support the hypothesis that coping may be more strongly associated with environmental conditions that influence severity of stressor and availability of coping resources than with more remote and stable backg

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01599.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Using multiple feedback sources, the present study investigated the effects of source credibility and performance rating discrepancy on recipients' reactions. Individuals performed an ambiguous group task, rated their own performance on the task, and were later provided bogus feedback ostensibly from their peers and an expert rater. Individuals reacted toward the feedback and the source of the feedback as a function of the rating discrepancy and credibility of the feedback source. Generally, more credible sources and their feedback were evaluated more favorably. However, as predicted, this effect was overcome by performance rating discrepancy in the predicted conditions. The results show the importance of studying the interactive effects of message and source characteristics on individuals' reactions.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01600.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines the relationship of illness appraisals and causal attributions to later psychological adjustment among individuals coping with a chronic illness. Data on threat and challenge appraisals, causal attributions, and depression were collected twice over an 18‐month period from patients with recently diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Appraisals and attributions were differentially related to psychological adjustment. Challenge appraisals were stable over time but were unrelated to depression. Internal, stable, global attributions about the diagnosis were associated with greater depression at follow‐up for subjects who were initially high on the depression measure but were related to lowered depression for individuals with initially low depression. An interaction between initial threat appraisals and depression was also found for depression 18 months later. For individuals with low depression scores initially, threat appraisals were related to greater depression later; when initial depression was high, threat appraisals were unrelated to later depression. In addition, initial threat appraisals mediated the relationship between initial level of depression and rumination (continuing to ask, “Why me?”) 18 months later. These findings are discussed in terms of the failure to achieve some resolution about the place of the illness in one's life and of theories of dysphoric rumination that suggest that negative self‐focus contributes to a continuing depre

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01601.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Research indicates that epilepsy is a misunderstood and stigmatizing disorder. The present study examined whether various levels and types of experience with epilepsy are related to attitudes about the disorder. It was hypothesized that certain types of direct experience with epilepsy (e.g., knowing people with epilepsy) are related to positive attitudes about the disorder, whereas other types of direct experience (e.g., witnessing seizures) are related to negative beliefs. As predicted, data from telephone interviews with 271 subjects indicate that individuals knowing someone with epilepsy held significantly more accepting attitudes than respondents who had never known an epileptic. The findings also suggest that witnessing epileptic seizures is an emotionally charged event, and, in the absence of other types of experience, this emotional impact might have a negative effect on attitudes toward people with epilepsy. The findings from this study have implications for the development of educational programs aimed at the general public, medical personnel, and people with epilepsy.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01602.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The outcomes for young offenders (N= 37) of two teaching modules for reducing homophobia were evaluated using a multigroup pretest‐posttest design. Dependent variables were cognitive, affective, and behavioral self‐report measures, as well as short‐story responses. Cognition was assessed by the Modified Attitudes Toward Homosexuality Scale (Price, 1982). Affects of homophobic guilt, homophobic anger, and delight were measured by the Affective Reactions to Homosexuality Scale (Van de Ven, Bornholt,&Bailey, in press). Behavioral intentions were assessed by the Homophobic Behavior of Students Scale (Van de Ven et al., in press). Interventions took two forms: a New South Wales Department of School Education module and a Community Care Schools module. The latter, which specifically addressed maintenance factors of juvenile offender homophobia, was anticipated to result in better outcomes. ANCOVAs and a difference of proportions test revealed that the Community Care Schools module was superior in terms of producing less commitment to homophobic behavior (p<.005), more positive written responses (p<.001), and more positive delight scores (p<.05). Implications for further interventions and research are disc

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01603.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY