摘要:

The authors report a longitudinal study of factors determining use of condoms with new sexual partners in a representative sample of 650 German youth. Measures derived from the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985) were obtained in 2 waves separated by 1 year. Consistent with the theory, intentions to use condoms could be predicted from attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control with respect to this behavior; and actual condom use was strongly related to intentions and perceptions of control assessed in Wave 2. Due to changes in beliefs and attitudes over time, only about 10% of the variance in reported condom use was accounted for by intentions and perceived control assessed 1 year earlier. Reported condom use was found to exert a direct effect on later intentions, unmediated by their hypothesized antecedents. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01128.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Visitors to a science center (N= 189) responded to a questionnaire measuring their agreement with different conceptions of alcohol abuse (disease, sin, habit, and addiction conceptions) and their beliefs regarding treatment for alcohol abusers. Respondents who agreed with a disease concept thought alcohol abuse was a more serious problem, were more skeptical of statements about recovery, and were more likely to feel that treatment was necessary to achieve change, compared to those who disagreed with or were neutral toward the disease concept. Agreement with the sin, habit, and addiction conceptions was not related to beliefs about treatment and outcome. The utility of promoting various conceptualizations of alcohol abuse is discussed.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01129.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

For example, psychological disturbance is stigmatizing, so knowledge that the suicide victim was psychiatrically disturbed may decrease the possibility that others will imitate the act. To assess this possibility, 306 undergraduate volunteers read a fictitious newspaper article about a 16‐year‐old high school sophomore, Pat, who committed suicide. There were 7 variations of the article, 4 containing negative circumstances (psychiatric disturbance, romantic relationship breakup, parents’ divorce, alcohol problems), and 2 containing positive circumstances (being a varsity athlete, being an honors student). A control group received no information about circumstances. Knowledge of Pat's life circumstances had no effect on respondents’ estimates of the possibility of the suicide being imitated, but did affect attitudes about the suicidal act itself and attitudes toward Pat's family. Apparently the circumstances surrounding the suicide have no affect on respondents’ estimates of themselves following suit, but do affect how they see the victim and bereav

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01130.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined whether male and female supervisors differed in their delivery of performance feedback to subordinates. Male and female subjects supervised 2 confederate subordinates whose performance was stable and either above or below average. Supervisors regularly checked each subordinate's performance and could deliver one of several feedback messages. A MANOVA was performed on frequency of specific negative, general negative, specific positive, general positive, and neutral feedback messages, followed by step down analyses to isolate which dependent variables contributed uniquely. Male and female supervisors were distinguished by their use of specific negative feedback. Males were more likely to provide such messages to poorly performing subordinates, a result consistent with suggestions that males are characterized by a more directive leadership style.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01131.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to increase understanding regarding the effects of goal‐setting practices on a wide range of dependent variables over time. Goal type (control group, quality goal, quantity goal, and dual goal) was manipulated across 3 time periods. Goal × Time interactions were predicted such that quantity, effort, task interest, and positive affect would initially be low, but by later trials would be higher in the quantity and dual‐goal conditions compared to the quality goal and control groups. Quality was expected to be greatest in the quality goal condition and to be relatively constant over time. Participants (N= 80) were undergraduates at a large midwestern university. Results indicated some support for our hypotheses in that Goal × Time interactions were found for quantity produced, rated effort, task interest, and positive a

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01132.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Prior research has indicated that people have particularly negative reactions to a situation where they receive an unfavorable distribution of resources that was established by means of an unfair allocation procedure. Studies that have examined this interaction between resource allocation outcomes and procedures with respect to its effect on individual work performance have produced equivocal results, however. The present study extends this work by testing the proposed interactive effect on performance in a work resource allocation context. As hypothesized, laboratory subjects had particularly low task performance when both of the following conditions were present: (a) They received an unfavorable distribution of a helpful work resource, and (b) the work resource was allocated through an unfair procedure. The results are discussed in the context of 5 alternative theoretical frameworks that have been proposed to explain the focal interaction.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01133.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY