ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02713.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sixty undergraduate males delivered electric shocks to a confederate as punishment for making errors on a learning task. Half did so after being exposed to an aggressive model, whereas the other half did so without being exposed. Shocks were delivered from a room whose atmosphere was either unpolluted or contaminated by a moderately unpleasant odor (ethyl mercoptan) or an extremely obnoxious stench (ammonium sulfide). As hypothesized, the moderately unpleasant pollutant facilitated higher levels of aggression than either the extremely obnoxious one or the absence of pollution. However, contrary to a second hypothesis, pollution facilitated aggression only in the model's absence. The confirmation of the first hypothesis was interpreted as supporting and extending the affect‐aggression model from heat research. It was speculated that disconfirmation of the second hypothesis resulted either from a ceiling effect or from malodor distracting attention away from the aggressive cues of the model. The methodological, theoretical, and applied implications of research on air pollution were discusse

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02714.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The most realistic solution to recurring urban flooding in most American cities is some form of land use planning (zoning), i.e., an integrated, collective response to this type of threat to the community. Yet there is frequently little public support for such action. The present study surveyed persons living in and around a notorious urban floodplain to assess support for such land use planning as a function of (a) threat, i.e., the motivational effect of proximity to the floodplain, ownership of property at risk, personal flooding history, perceived likelihood of one's home being flooded in the next 5 years, and the presence of small children in the home; and (b) amount of knowledge about variables affecting flooding, i.e., the cognitive element. Although proximity was related strongly to expressions of concern, none of the measures of threat was related to support for land use planning. Knowledge of the variables involved, however, was positively related to support for a planning solution. The findings are discussed in terms of theoretical implications of the cognitive element in collective responses to environmental hazards.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02715.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

One of us had agreed to participate in the “Mothers' March” (on Birth Defects) of the March of Dimes. The collecting packet arrived without an identification badge, however. Much of the March of Dimes literature bears the picture of a handicapped child, but some does not. The question facing us as we set out to collect for the “Mothers' March” was whether or not to include a picture of a handicapped child on the identifying poster which we would present to potential donors as we made our rounds, door‐todoor. A picture is worth a thousand words, they say. But what would be the effect of a thousand words when collecting door‐tedoor on behalf of a charity such as the Mar

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02716.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three theories of interpersonal attraction were tested for their ability to predict roommates' compatibility. The similarity hypothesis (that we are attracted to and compatible with people who are similar to our self‐concepts) received moderate support; the social desirability hypothesis (that we are attracted to and compatible with people who possess socially desirable traits) received scant support. The ideal hypothesis (that we are attracted to and compatible with people who are similar to our ideals) received strong support. The utility of these theories in terms of preinteractionally matching students in order to maximize compatibility was found to be minimal because it could not be assumed that students peiceive their roommates in the same manner as their roommates perceive themselve

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02717.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study investigated the role of two types of similarity (attitude similarity and dialect style) on interpersonal attitudes and behaviors in a face‐to‐face interaction. Sixty subjects interacted with an experimental confederate who was either black or white, spoke either standard white English or a black dialect, and whom the subject perceived as agreeing or disagreeing on an attitude questionnaire. Subjects' nonverbal behavior during the interaction was coded using Mehrabian's scheme of immediacy cues, and attitudes toward the confederate were measured via questionnaire following the interaction. Subjects showed more favorable attitudes toward the white than black confederate and had more positive attitudes toward the black confederate when she spoke white English. Contrary to previous findings, no significant main effect was found for belief similarity. While no significant mean differences were obtained between conditions for the nonverbal measures, correlations between these measures and a measure of likinglfriendship indicated that this relationship differed depending on the race of the confederate and the dialect used. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the role of perceived similarity in interracial interact

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02718.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study tested the proposition that social class and employment status would differentially affect attributions of responsibility and blame concerning positive and negative economic outcomes. The hypothesis here is that subjects will not blame a person who fails to get a job after taking a retraining program. The hypothesis is based upon the assumption that individuals on the lower rung of the economic ladder are aware of the external circumstances operating against economic security. As predicted, the person experiencing failure was neither held responsible nor blamed for his outcome. Also social class and employment status affected perceptions of the reasons for the successful outcome.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02719.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Therapists have been charged with a dispositional bias in their diagnoses of clients' problems. While a, review of prior research revealed considerable evidence that at least some trained therapists were more dispositional in their diagnoses than nonprofessionals, there was no clear evidence that therapists' dispositional diagnoses were in error. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to try to detect error in trained therapists' diagnoses. Twelve trained therapists and 16 untrained nonprofessionals each conducted intake interviews with two clients (confederates). Employing a technique based on attribution theory, one client presented a problem that was relatively situational; the other presented a problem that was relatively dispositional. Consistent with previous research, trained therapists were more dispositional in their diagnoses than were untrained nonprofessionals, suggesting that some bias did exist. But there was no clear evidence that therapists were less sensitive than nonprofessionals to differences between situational and dispositional problems. It was concluded that, to the degree that bias implies error, the charge of bias in therapists' diagnoses remains unproven.

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb02720.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY