摘要:

The present experiment tested the relative impact of two types of eyewitness evidence (identification and non identification) on plea‐bargain decisions by prosecutors and defense attorneys. A hypothetical case involving a robbery was mailed to three prosecutors and three defense attorneys in each of 47 states. The subjects were randomly assigned to receive a case in which an eyewitness claimed: (a) the defendant was the criminal (identification), (b) the defendant was not the criminal (non identification), or (c) it was not possible to tell whether the defendant was the criminal (control). Similar to findings with jurors, both prosecutors and defense attorneys underutilized the non identification information in making their plea‐bargain decisions. In the case of the prosecutors, there was evidence that the underutilization of eyewitness non identification was at least partially mediated by the prosecutors' predictions of juror reaction to the evide

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01487.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Role‐playing observers predicted the reactions of hypothetical would‐be recipients whose requests for social support were unmet as well as those of hypothetical would‐be providers for their rejection of such requests. The extent to which the would‐be recipient was depicted at fault for the problem was predicted to affect perceived reactions since support may be less likely when potential recipients are blameworthy than when they are innocent of responsibility for their predicament. Observers perceived would‐be recipients of support as believing that would‐be providers blamed them. Observers saw would‐be providers as blaming the would‐be recipients rather than themselves, especially if the victim was blameworthy. When the victim was not blameworthy, would‐be providers were more likely than would‐be recipients to be judged to use a mixture of rationalizations and excuse

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01488.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In two studies, subjects' stereotypes of various campus groups were assessed using a content‐free, cognitive methodology in which stereotypes are defined as “generalizations about a class of people that distinguish that class from others” (McCauley, Stitt,&Segal, 1980, p. 197). In an effort to predict strength of stereotypes, four main findings emerged: (a) contact with a group's members was associated with increased liking of the group; (b) contact predicted increased stereotype strength; (c) liking a group was associated with decreased stereotype strength; and (d) over time, the strength of stereotypes tended to decrease. These data are discussed in regard to the contact hypothesis (Airport, 1954; Amir, 1969; Cook, 1978,1984), the role of positive affect in altering cognitive organization, and more generally, to the issue of stereotype develo

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01489.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Studies on the training of individuals for task performance in stressful situations have typically considered two approaches. One approach requires that, while training on the task, trainees be exposed to stressors of a kind and intensity characteristic of the situations for which they are being trained (“high fidelity” training). Such an approach might suffer from the interference of stressors with task acquisition. Another approach allows the trainee to train on the task in a stress‐free environment or under low‐intensity stressors (“low fidelity” training). This approach leaves the trainee insufficiently prepared for task performance under stress. The present study compared these two basic approaches to three forms of “phased” training, which consisted of different combinations of three separate and distinct training phases: a phase which allows the trainee to acquire the task under stress‐ free conditions; a phase which allows him or her to passively experience the stressor; and a phase in which newly acquired skills are practiced under stress. The results showed that a phased training process which combines the first and third phases just described, is more effective than either “high fidelity” training or

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01490.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A study was performed to investigate the role of attribution processes in leader emergence. Photographs of the male and female leaders and nonleaders in a high school senior class were found to elicit different and appropriate attributions of leadership status and related personality traits from naive observers. In addition, separate groups of subjects rated the leaders as more attractive and more maturefaced than the nonleaders. These findings were taken as indicative of the potential importance of schema‐based attributions in leader emergence and of the role of appearance cues in the attribution process. The findings have implications for leadership theory, for practical efforts to enhance leader effectiveness, and for research on the identification of personality traits from appearanc

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb01491.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY