摘要:

The influence of the degree of detail of eyewitness testimony on two sides of a court case was investigated in two experiments. In the first experiment subject‐jurors read a civil court case involving an automobile‐pedestrian accident. The plaintiff and the defendant presented conflicting eyewitness accounts. Judgments of the relative credibility of the eyewitnesses on each side and the percentage of negligence of the parties were influenced by the relative degree of detail of the eyewitness testimony on each side. In the second experiment subject‐jurors read a criminal court case involving robbery and murder. The prosecution and defense presented conflicting eyewitness accounts. The degree of detail of the prosecution eyewitness testimony influenced judgments of guilt and judgments of the credibility of the eyewitnesses. An examination of the reasons for verdicts and credibility judgments revealed that some subjects inferred that an eyewitness who gave testimony with a greater degree of detail had a better memory for the trivial details and the culprit than an eyewitness who gave testimony with a lesser degree of detail. Implications of these results for the legal system are disc

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01200.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although social psychology has increasingly influenced counseling psychology, the impact that counseling psychology has had or could have on social psychology is less well developed. This paper considers factors that have limited counseling's influence on social psychology. In addition, contributions that counseling can make to social psychology are presented. It is argued that both disciplines have evolved to investigate the behavior of “normal” individuals in social contexts. It is concluded that there is much to be gained by both specialties in a fuller and more comprehensive integration and understanding of the findings and methods of the ot

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01201.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous research on the effect of intergroup contact has highlighted the necessity for the contact to be of equal‐status within a supportive environment. The South African apartheid system, with its active discouragement of such contact, presents an interesting context in which the effect of inter‐racial contact may be examined. One hundred and thirteen nurses from four private hospitals took part in the study. Two of the hospitals had racially integrated training programs, and two trained one race group alone. A number of questionnaires were administered to the nurses in individual interviews. The responses indicated that nurses from the contact hospitals viewed the integration of nursing significantly more positively than did the nurses from the noncontact hospitals. However, trait evaluations of the nurses own and corresponding race group on the dimensions, personality and work ability suggested that negative intergroup attribution had not been eliminated by the cont

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01202.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three studies were performed concerning generic references to homosexuality in the context of AIDS. Study One demonstrated that for two major newspapers and two major news magazines, the majority of references to high‐risk‐behavior groups for AIDS employ generic references to homosexuality rather than specifying male homosexuality. In Study Two, 269 male and female college students ranked seven groups according to their AIDS risk. Lesbians' risk was overestimated by two thirds of the subjects. Study Three used 112 subjects to test experimentally the causal link between generics and overestimation of lesbians' risk. Results showed that describing “homosexual” risk leads to higher estimates of lesbians' risk than describing “homosexual men's” risk or than explicitly excluding lesbians,p<.0001. Results suggest that high risk estimates for lesbians may promote the idea that AIDS is a “gay disease”, thus possibly increasing anti‐homosexual backlash and heterosexuals' underestimation of their own risk. Results are discussed in connection with the Whorfian Hypothesis, word contamination effects, and prototype research. Recommendations are made for improving discussions of AIDS risk in media and educatio

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01203.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although eyewitness testimony is often unreliable, its quality is not uniformly poor. Previous research indicates that the most accurate type of testimony involves the unstructured recall of actions. The present study replicates the finding that confabulation, particularly the complete fabrication of nonexistent actions, is rare. Our results also extend earlier work by revealing that the few errors that did occur were spread evenly across subjects—with most subjects making 0 or 1 error and with no subjects making more than 3 errors. Furthermore, action memory errors form a heterogeneous set—there were few commonly recurring or predictable errors. Our attempts to increase error frequency by the use of suggestive implications and rapid action sequences were unsuccessful. Practical aspects of evaluating action memory testimony are discussed, with special reference to cases involving multiple eyewitnes

ISSN:0021-9029    

DOI:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01204.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY