摘要:

AbstractThe etymology of the ancient term bulimia is explored, and variant forms are presented from a range of printed works dating from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century. Twelve cases, reported from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century, are described, analyzed, and discussed in terms of symptomatology, theories of causation, and treatment. Evidence is provided that bulimia, in the form of pathological voracity, has been described consistently for centuries. The historical findings are considered in relation to the form and status of the modern syndrome of bulimia nervosa. It is concluded that, for centuries, the symptom of bulimia has been occurring in conjunction with a variety of other symptoms and signs, forming putative syndromes, whose interpretation has been influenced by contemporary social and cultural factors and by developing medical knowledge.

ISSN:0276-3478    

DOI:10.1002/1098-108X(199103)10:2<129::AID-EAT2260100202>3.0.CO;2-I

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPsychodynamic theory links eating disorders to developmentally determined deficits in interpersonal functioning and self‐regulation, and argues that eating symptoms serve needs for tension regulation and control, and express conflicts that are principally interpersonal in nature. To test such a view, we used the EAT‐26 and a brief questionnaire tapping eating symptoms to establish the presence and severity of eating symptoms among 112 university women, and then compared scores of groups exhibiting different symptom severities on the Bell Object‐Relations Inventory and the Defense Style Questionnaire. Results indicated that “symptomatic eaters” showed more object‐relations problems and were more reliant on maladaptive defenses. Findings of this type in a population showing largely subclinical eating disturbances suggest that deficits in interpersonal and adaptive functioning are likely precursors to, rather than consequences of, eating‐disorde

ISSN:0276-3478    

DOI:10.1002/1098-108X(199103)10:2<145::AID-EAT2260100203>3.0.CO;2-D

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTechniques for measuring women's attitudes towards their own bodies have been reviewed. Four major, measuring strategies were identified: self‐report questionnaires, projective tests, silhouette choices, or interview assessments. The component instruments were almost uniformly characterized by being restricted in the range of attitudes examined, poorly developed technically, and lacking in information as to the range of attitudes amongst representative samples of the normal population. Although a considerable number of studies found a strong link between women's self‐esteem and their satisfaction with the lower parts of their bodies, the central importance given to satisfaction appeared to have been a construct imposed on women by researchers, rather than a finding that emerged empirically from any wide‐ranging examination of body attitudes. Considerable importance is being given to the identification of abnormal attitudes towards the body for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Further progress in understanding how women actually feel about their bodies will be dependent upon the emergence of well‐designed and properly tested measuring inst

ISSN:0276-3478    

DOI:10.1002/1098-108X(199103)10:2<155::AID-EAT2260100204>3.0.CO;2-7

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSubjects were shown a series of slides before and after a negative mood‐induction procedure while their heart rate was recorded. Self‐reports of mood, craving, and self‐efficacy were obtained before and after each series of picture presentations. Significant effects on mood confirmed the effectiveness of the mood‐induction procedure in both groups. Following the mood induction, the bulimics showed significantly increased heart rate (HR) decelerations to food pictures, reflecting increased attention (an orienting response). Restrained eaters did not significantly differ in their responses to any of the stimuli in either mood state. The increased attention to food together with the increased craving in the bulimics when experiencing negative mood may help explain bulimics' increased probability of binge eating in response to stressful sit

ISSN:0276-3478    

DOI:10.1002/1098-108X(199103)10:2<169::AID-EAT2260100205>3.0.CO;2-Y

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractResearchers have begun to realize that disturbed eating behaviors and attitudes are not restricted to white, middle class, college‐aged females. Yet investigations typically have not focused upon high school minority populations, particularly Hispanics or native Americans. This study administered the Eating Disorder Inventory and the Bulimia Test to 545 high school Hispanic, native American, and white (nonHispanic) youths. The native Americans consistently scored the highest on each of seven items representing disturbed eating behaviors and attitudes. Significant ethnic group differences were detected for binge eating when broadly defined, and for self‐induced vomiting as a weight‐control technique. Significant sex differences were found on four of the seven measures. Noteworthy was the dramatic difference in binge eating prevalence estimates as a consequence of the operational definition adopted. Adherence to the stricter criteria resulted in percentages for the native Americans (14.2%), Hispanics (13.1%) and nonHispanic whites (10.1%) which were much lower than those reported when the more general definition was applied. Results were discussed in terms of the need to address this rapidly growing problem among minority adoles

ISSN:0276-3478    

DOI:10.1002/1098-108X(199103)10:2<179::AID-EAT2260100206>3.0.CO;2-S

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractResearch has confirmed a relationship between our culture's emphasis on thinness, and disordered eating. The present study sought to expand our understanding of the relationship between sociocultural variables and disordered eating. It hypothesized that students from high schools that encourage competitiveness, value traditional feminine behaviors and conformity to traditional norms, and discourage social support and interpersonal involvements among students are particularly likely to report symptoms of disordered eating and related psychopathology. Social climate measures, an abbreviated Eating Disorders Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the UCLA Loneliness Scale were completed by 211 female high school graduates recruited among the incoming students of two U.S. campuses. The hypothesis of elevated scores on measures of disordered eating among females from schools perceived as emphasizing competitiveness and traditional feminine and dependent behaviors was not confirmed. Results, however, suggested a modest relationship between perception of the high school as low in social involvement and feelings of ineffectiveness and loneliness.

ISSN:0276-3478    

DOI:10.1002/1098-108X(199103)10:2<187::AID-EAT2260100207>3.0.CO;2-O

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFrom a larger sample of 120 college females, subjects were dichotomized into eating‐disturbed and asymptomatic groups (20 subjects per sample) based on responses to a measure of bulimic behaviors. All subjects chose body figure preferences based on the following protocols: (1) ideal; (2) how they thought they looked; (3) how they felt they looked; (4) how they thought they looked to others; and (5) the figure they thought was most attractive to men. Subjects also completed a measure of general physical appearance satisfaction and teasing history. Large discrepancies between figure ratings, appearance satisfaction, and teasing history were found between the two groups. The findings replicate and extend recent work in the area of human figure preferences in normal population

ISSN:0276-3478    

DOI:10.1002/1098-108X(199103)10:2<193::AID-EAT2260100208>3.0.CO;2-M

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA pictorial instrument was developed to examine perceptions of body figure in a cross‐sectional survey of 1118 preadolescent children. Hypothesis testing related to differences in figure selections by gender, grade, race, and school/community setting revealed males selected Ideal Self slightly thinner than Self. However, females selected Ideal Self significantly thinner than Self, as well as thinner than males' selection of Ideal Self and Ideal Girl. Additionally, females made thinner Ideal Adult figure selections than males. Though blacks chose heavier figures than whites, females of both races desired thinner figures. Bias toward thinness among females occurred across all levels of age, weight, race, and school/community setting, with 42% desiring thinner figures. Results of this study suggest that the onset of disparate figure perceptions and expectations regarding thinness among females may be evident as early as 6 and 7 years of ag

ISSN:0276-3478    

DOI:10.1002/1098-108X(199103)10:2<199::AID-EAT2260100209>3.0.CO;2-D

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBulimia nervosa is a common medical problem among young women of childbearing potential. Although many bulimic women improve their eating while pregnant, some do not and continue to binge eat, vomit, and/or use laxatives. This study is a retrospective comparison of the outcome of 38 pregnancies in 20 actively bulimic women and 50 pregnancies in 31 control women. The results indicate that the risk of fetal loss, primarily through miscarriages, was approximately twice as high in first bulimic pregnancies. However, this difference was not statistically significant.

ISSN:0276-3478    

DOI:10.1002/1098-108X(199103)10:2<209::AID-EAT2260100210>3.0.CO;2-S

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDespite agreement in psychodynamic formulations that bulimia nervosa results from relatively early developmental difficulties, the role of transitional objects in the syndrome has been debated. We describe the case of a severe bulimic in which repeated pregnancies and abortions fulfilled the same calming function as repeated binging and vomiting. We suggest that the cycle of incorporation and explusion is central to affect regulation and is most compatible with the view that bulimics use their own bodies as transitional objects. We suggest further that such symptoms represent overdetermination, and reflect not only primitive deficits in regulation of internal states but also consequent unresolved conflicts. Thus therapy must be flexible enough to deal with both primary and secondary issues.

ISSN:0276-3478    

DOI:10.1002/1098-108X(199103)10:2<215::AID-EAT2260100211>3.0.CO;2-Q

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY