摘要:

Some years ago I found it impossible to refute the irreverent comments of a colleague to the effect that thin films should be considered as belonging to the liquid state, such was their condition of disorder, rather than to the solid state. One had of necessity to admit that the grim reality of the early experimenters' films, deposited at an uncertain rate, in a dirty vacuum (or sputtered), on a substrate of uncertain properties, bore but little resemblance to the theoretician's concept, deftly represented by two parallel straight lines, of a homogeneous, isotropic, parallel‐sided slab of material with nice, well‐behaved physical properties. The development of the electron microscope soon enabled one to see just how different was the harsh reality, revealing a depressingly complex system, sensitive alike to method of preparation and nature of substrate, in which particle size, particle shape, crystallographic orientation, and form of gram boundaries represent but a few of the variable factors in the field. The phenomenon of epitaxy is by no means new, having been discussed as far back as 1836. Interest in the phenomenon received a fillip when electron diffraction was discovered in the late twenties. On my last count, as of some six months back, there were 674 distinct examples of epitaxy in films condensed from the vapor phase on to a monocrystalline substrate. Despite this large number, the detailed mechanism underlying the process remains unclear. Quite apart from the interest in epitaxy as a crystal‐growth phenomenon, the possibility arises of using the process (even though we may not understand it) as a means of producing films which more closely approach the theoretician's delight of a well‐behaved, ordered film. It was to bring together those interested in this area of thin‐film physics—those dedicated to the belief that such systemscanpossess a state of order justifying their inclusion in the field of solidstate physics—that a meeting was held at the Philco Scientific Laboratory, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, from May 13 through 15, 1963. Sponsored jointly by the Office of Naval Research, Philco Corporation, Princeton University, and the University of Pennsylvania, the conference, entitled “Single‐Crystal Films”, was held under the chairmanship of Roman Smoluchowski. The meeting was ably organized by Carlo Bocciarelli and Maurice Francombe in a manner that combined informality with efficiency. Some 150 people attended, thus obviating the need for parallel sessions (in which the two papers whichyouwant to hear invariably coincide) and insuring a large enough collision cross section so that one had no difficulty in capturing anyone at some stage.

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3051137

出版商:AIP    

年代:1963

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

About thirty‐five years ago Pauli and Sommerfeld gave the theory of solids a new lease on life by applying Fermi statistics to the electrons in metals. In the last fifteen years this theory has developed into a full‐grown structure with countless ramifications.

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3051138

出版商:AIP    

年代:1963

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The Third Biennial Apparatus Competition once again attracted the interest of many of the visitors and participants at the joint meeting of the American Association of Physics Teachers and the American Physical Society held in New York in January. This competition for new and improved apparatus for undergraduate college physics laboratories and lecture demonstrations is conducted by the AAPT Committee on Apparatus.

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3051139

出版商:AIP    

年代:1963

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The subject of cosmic radiation has always exhibited schizoid tendencies. In recent years these may indeed have become somewhat more pronounced than before. Some physicists have voiced the thought that cosmic‐ray studies are becoming obsolete, in view of new machines, and yet other new groups are entering the field and proposing new work. Let us take a brief look at the situation

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3051140

出版商:AIP    

年代:1963

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The idea of holding a conference early in 1963 on high‐energy photon interactions was a natural one for at least two reasons: first, the Cambridge Electron Accelerator, producing electron and photon beams of energies up to about 6 BeV, came into operation in 1962, so that the time was ripe for detailed consideration of what could be accomplished with such facilities; second, it had been apparent for some time that the traditional “Rochester Conferences” on high‐energy physics could not fully satisfy the needs of all the workers in the field for exchange of information and ideas on all of its aspects. Thus, the IUPAP Commission on High‐Energy Physics had decided that it would be appropriate to hold the Rochester‐type conferences only every second year, and to sponsor regional conferences on specialized topics in the “off‐years”.

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3051141

出版商:AIP    

年代:1963

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3051143

出版商:AIP    

年代:1963

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3051145

出版商:AIP    

年代:1963

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3051146

出版商:AIP    

年代:1963

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3051147

出版商:AIP    

年代:1963

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0031-9228    

DOI:10.1063/1.3051150

出版商:AIP    

年代:1963

数据来源: AIP